.I 1
.T
18 Editions of the Dewey Decimal Classifications
.A
Comaromi, J.P.
.W
   The present study is a history of the DEWEY Decimal
Classification.  The first edition of the DDC was published
in 1876, the eighteenth edition in 1971, and future editions
will continue to appear as needed.  In spite of the DDC's
long and healthy life, however, its full story has never
been told.  There have been biographies of Dewey
that briefly describe his system, but this is the first
attempt to provide a detailed history of the work that
more than any other has spurred the growth of
librarianship in this country and abroad.
.X
1	2	1
1	2	1
1	2	1
1	2	1
1	2	1
556	2	1
92	2	1
262	2	1
1004	2	1
1024	2	1
.I 2
.T
Use Made of Technical Libraries
.A
Slater, M.
.W
This report is an analysis of 6300 acts of use
in 104 technical libraries in the United Kingdom.
Library use is only one aspect of the wider pattern of
information use.  Information transfer in libraries is
restricted to the use of documents.  It takes no
account of documents used outside the library, still
less of information transferred orally from person
to person.  The library acts as a channel in only a
proportion of the situations in which information is
transferred.
Taking technical information transfer as a whole,
there is no doubt that this proportion is not the
major one.  There are users of technical information -
particularly in technology rather than science -
who visit libraries rarely if at all, relying on desk
collections of handbooks, current periodicals and personal
contact with their colleagues and with people in other
organizations.  Even regular library users also receive
information in other ways.
.X
2	2	2
2	2	2
2	2	2
2	2	2
2	2	2
475	2	2
552	2	2
32	2	2
760	2	2
770	2	2
771	2	2
774	2	2
775	2	2
776	2	2
788	2	2
789	2	2
76	2	2
801	2	2
815	2	2
839	2	2
132	2	2
137	2	2
139	2	2
152	2	2
152	2	2
155	2	2
158	2	2
183	2	2
195	2	2
977	2	2
203	2	2
204	2	2
210	2	2
243	2	2
1055	2	2
1056	2	2
1151	2	2
1361	2	2
1414	2	2
1451	2	2
371	2	2
.I 3
.T
Two Kinds of Power
An Essay on Bibliographic Control
.A
Wilson, P.
.W
    The relationships between the organization and control of writings
and the organization and control of knowledge and information will
inevitably enter our story, for writings contain, along with much else, a
great deal of mankind's stock of knowledge and information.  Bibliographical
control is a form of power, and if knowledge itself is a form of power,
as the familiar slogan claims, bibliographical control is in a certain sense
power over power, power to obtain the knowledge recorded in written
form.  As writings are not simply, and not in any simple way, storehouses of
knowledge, we cannot satisfactorily discuss bibliographical control as
simply control over the knowledge and information contained in writings.
.X
3	2	3
3	2	3
3	2	3
3	2	3
3	2	3
3	2	3
3	2	3
444	2	3
457	2	3
665	2	3
42	2	3
762	2	3
803	2	3
846	2	3
172	2	3
907	2	3
907	2	3
911	2	3
985	2	3
268	2	3
292	2	3
1219	2	3
1268	2	3
1309	2	3
1402	2	3
1402	2	3
1426	2	3
323	2	3
360	2	3
361	2	3
.I 4
.T
Systems Analysis of a University Library; 
final report and research project
.A
Buckland, M.K.
.W
    The establishment of nine new universities in the 1960's provoked a highly 
stimulating re-examination of the nature, purpose and management of academic
libraries.  Long-established attitudes and methods were questioned, but
although changes were made, the basic difficulty remained - a lack of objective
information about the best ways of providing a library service in a university.
The report of the UGC Committee on Libraries (the Parry Repot [267]), which,
in general, endorsed these changes, also stressed the need for research into
all aspects of academic library provision.
.X
4	2	4
4	2	4
4	2	4
4	2	4
4	2	4
4	2	4
4	2	4
4	2	4
4	2	4
4	2	4
5	2	4
5	2	4
9	2	4
418	2	4
456	2	4
580	2	4
622	2	4
696	2	4
32	2	4
705	2	4
728	2	4
729	2	4
766	2	4
768	2	4
768	2	4
770	2	4
774	2	4
774	2	4
776	2	4
783	2	4
786	2	4
791	2	4
799	2	4
65	2	4
96	2	4
811	2	4
811	2	4
816	2	4
816	2	4
823	2	4
842	2	4
843	2	4
844	2	4
137	2	4
162	2	4
163	2	4
913	2	4
915	2	4
925	2	4
925	2	4
925	2	4
959	2	4
960	2	4
961	2	4
961	2	4
961	2	4
962	2	4
962	2	4
964	2	4
964	2	4
968	2	4
981	2	4
207	2	4
207	2	4
245	2	4
293	2	4
298	2	4
1068	2	4
1069	2	4
1070	2	4
1203	2	4
1214	2	4
1321	2	4
1400	2	4
1407	2	4
1445	2	4
364	2	4
.I 5
.T
A Library Management Game:
a report on a research project
.A
Brophy, P.
.W
    Although the use of games in professional education has
become widespread only during the last decade, the method has
been used in a number of fields for many hundreds of years.
Its origins have been traced to simple war games, used in
military training when the "real thing" was either unavailable
or too dangerous.  In more recent times, these games have
become more and more sophisticated, and many now use large
electronic computers to handle the complex calculations involved.
Since 1956, when the first well-developed management game was
introduced, the technique has spread rapidly into a wide variety
of disciplines and today it is used at all levels of education,
from primary school classes to courses for experienced professional
men and women.  One of the main causes of this "game explosion"
has been the rapid development of sophisticated management
techniques, such as simulation and mathematical modelling, which
have been made possible by rapid advances in computer technology.
.X
4	2	5
4	2	5
5	2	5
5	2	5
5	2	5
5	2	5
5	2	5
5	2	5
435	2	5
535	2	5
553	2	5
598	2	5
615	2	5
764	2	5
766	2	5
90	2	5
91	2	5
811	2	5
811	2	5
815	2	5
816	2	5
816	2	5
818	2	5
823	2	5
842	2	5
115	2	5
158	2	5
915	2	5
925	2	5
925	2	5
944	2	5
948	2	5
957	2	5
959	2	5
960	2	5
961	2	5
961	2	5
962	2	5
964	2	5
207	2	5
222	2	5
223	2	5
234	2	5
245	2	5
245	2	5
1023	2	5
1023	2	5
1219	2	5
1227	2	5
1257	2	5
1365	2	5
1390	2	5
1400	2	5
364	2	5
364	2	5
365	2	5
368	2	5
.I 6
.T
Abstracting Concepts and Methods
.A
Borko, H.
.W
     Graduate library school study of abstracting should be more than a 
how-to-do-it course.
It should include general material on the characteristcs and types of abstracts,
the historical development of abstracting publications, the abstract-publishing
industry (especially in the United States), and the need for standards in the
preparation and evaluation of the product.
These topics we call concepts.
     The text includes a methods section containing instructions for writing
various types of abstracts, and for editing and preparing abstracting publications.
These detailed instructions are supplemented by examples and exercises in the
appendix.
There is a brief discussion of indexing of abstract publications.
     Research on automation has been treated extensively in this work, for we
believe that the topic deserves greater emphasis than it has received in the
past.
Computer use is becoming increasingly important in all aspects of librarianship.
Much research effort has been expended on the preparation and evaluation of
computer-prepared abstracts and extracts.
Students, librarians, and abstractors will benefit from knowing about this
research and understanding how computer programs were researched to analyze text,
select key sentences, and prepare extracts and abstracts.
The benefits of this research are discussed.
    Abstracting is a key segment of the information industry.
Opportunities are available for both full-time professionals and part-time or
volunteer workers.
Many librarians find such activities pleasant and rewarding, for they know
they are contributing to the more effective use of stored information.
One chapter is devoted to career opportunities for abstractors.
.X
6	2	6
6	2	6
6	2	6
6	2	6
6	2	6
6	2	6
403	2	6
461	2	6
551	2	6
363	2	6
.I 7
.T
Academic Library Buildings
A Guide to Architectural Issues and Solutions
.A
Ellsworth, R.E.
.W
This book attempts to present representative examples of successful
architectural solutions to the important problems librarians and
architects face in planning new college and university library
buildings or in remodeling and enlarging existing structures.  It does
not attempt to make case study evaluations, as was done by
Ellsworth Mason for Brown and Yale.  Nor does it present examples
of unsuccessful solutions except to show how to avoid mistakes,
and in these cases the libraries will not be identified.
.X
7	2	7
7	2	7
7	2	7
7	2	7
7	2	7
7	2	7
7	2	7
7	2	7
892	2	7
240	2	7
262	2	7
1028	2	7
1211	2	7
1211	2	7
1211	2	7
1212	2	7
1266	2	7
1424	2	7
353	2	7
.I 8
.T
The Academic Library Essays in Honor of Guy R. Lyle
.A
Farber, E.I.
.W
     As important for staff members' individual development
as was the apprenticeship in administration, perhaps the most
significant attitude one acquired while working for
Guy was engendered by his insistence that librarians must
be interested in and knowledgeable about the content of the
materials with which they dealt.  His love of literature, his
respect for scholarship, his admiration for good writing and
reading were manifested in many ways, but most notably in
his admonition that, though we were primarily a research
library, we must constantly keep in mind our obligation to
collect contemporary poetry, fiction and belles-letters.  It
was primarily up to the library staff, he felt, to be
responsible for these as well as for "general" books which crossed
disciplinary lines or fell between the disciplines, those books
which a faculty mostly concerned with research materials is
apt to overlook.  And in building this portion of the collection,
"there is no substitute for a thorough acquaintance with
books through a reading of critical reviews and the books
themselves."  This counsel is from The President, the Professor,
and the College Library, but the importance of its thrust--the
need to keep up with the world of books and publishing--was
continually impressed upon us.
.X
8	2	8
8	2	8
8	2	8
8	2	8
8	2	8
20	2	8
171	2	8
909	2	8
918	2	8
1061	2	8
1453	2	8
.I 9
.T
Access to Libraries in College
.A
Hyman, R.T.
.W
     This study assumed that an additional use study held
less promise than an analytical consideration of concepts.
The basic approach was a survey comparing traditional and
current professional ideas on direct access.  Principal data-gathering
instruments were documentary analysis and opinion questionnaire.
     Findings of the documentary analysis included the following:
     Research from 1890 to 1970 on the direct shelf approach
and browsing left the problems largely unresolved and
evidently resistant to established methods of use and user
research.  The need for an exhaustive study of concepts was
confirmed.
     Open shelf libraries--organized through shelf classification
and relative location--were meant to arouse the intellectual,
social, and political interest of the average citizen and affect
his democratic self-realization.
     Definitions of "browsing" varied greatly: self-indulgence
by the untutored in objectionable works; beneficial self-education
for the general reader; valuable guidance for the scholar in his
research.
.X
4	2	9
9	2	9
9	2	9
9	2	9
9	2	9
9	2	9
456	2	9
515	2	9
535	2	9
625	2	9
629	2	9
631	2	9
634	2	9
32	2	9
768	2	9
774	2	9
783	2	9
791	2	9
799	2	9
96	2	9
811	2	9
811	2	9
816	2	9
816	2	9
818	2	9
823	2	9
843	2	9
844	2	9
846	2	9
137	2	9
163	2	9
913	2	9
915	2	9
961	2	9
961	2	9
962	2	9
962	2	9
964	2	9
964	2	9
968	2	9
994	2	9
207	2	9
207	2	9
222	2	9
223	2	9
296	2	9
297	2	9
298	2	9
1015	2	9
1068	2	9
1203	2	9
1242	2	9
1247	2	9
1268	2	9
1321	2	9
1354	2	9
1407	2	9
1445	2	9
300	2	9
301	2	9
302	2	9
358	2	9
364	2	9
.I 10
.T
Access to Periodical Resources
.A
Palmour, V.E.
.W
          The purpose of this study was to develop, evaluate,
and recommend a national plan  for improving access to periodical
resources.  About 48 percent of all academic interlibrary loans
are for periodical materials, with the bulk of the loans being
satisfied in the form of photocopies.  A major consideration in
the long-range improvement of the interlibrary loan system is
the possible augmentation with a national system for acquiring,
storing, and satisfying loan requests for periodical materials.
          This study focused on the physical access to the
periodical literature.  Based on the needs of the library community,
design features were developed, and included the following:
          Service should be made available to all users
          without any restriction other than access
          through a library.
          Initially, the service should be confined primarily
          to rapid, dependable delivery of photocopies of
          journal articles.
          The collection of a center should be comprehensive
          in subject coverage excluding only medicine.
          All worthwhile journals should be collected
          irrespective of language.
.X
400	2	10
433	2	10
459	2	10
534	2	10
541	2	10
551	2	10
551	2	10
10	2	10
10	2	10
10	2	10
10	2	10
10	2	10
10	2	10
10	2	10
10	2	10
10	2	10
10	2	10
10	2	10
10	2	10
702	2	10
731	2	10
732	2	10
788	2	10
817	2	10
820	2	10
823	2	10
825	2	10
826	2	10
827	2	10
828	2	10
831	2	10
881	2	10
886	2	10
887	2	10
145	2	10
167	2	10
190	2	10
919	2	10
920	2	10
921	2	10
942	2	10
947	2	10
947	2	10
948	2	10
225	2	10
232	2	10
244	2	10
1017	2	10
1058	2	10
1058	2	10
1059	2	10
1060	2	10
1146	2	10
1227	2	10
1230	2	10
1257	2	10
1258	2	10
1258	2	10
1302	2	10
1305	2	10
1306	2	10
1390	2	10
1390	2	10
1390	2	10
1390	2	10
1390	2	10
1390	2	10
304	2	10
305	2	10
306	2	10
358	2	10
385	2	10
394	2	10
.I 11
.T
The Acquisition of Library Materials
.A
Ford, S.
.W
  The scope of acquisitions work, outlined in the Introduction,
acknowledges the importance of selection policy,
serials recording, and other topics kindred to acquisitions.
These topics are discussed in this book only as they relate
to obtaining library materials.  They are examined thoroughly
in books and papers that are cited in the references and the
bibliographic note.
  Centralized acquisitions and automation of order routines are of
major importance in order work and they are reviewed as chapters in
this book.  These chapters are introductions to the concepts and
problems of centralization and automation, not manuals of practice.
For treatment of these topics in particular and in depth the reader is
referred to the references cited.  For automation these references
are only a modest selection from an enormous literature.
.X
11	2	11
11	2	11
11	2	11
11	2	11
11	2	11
143	2	11
242	2	11
268	2	11
1020	2	11
1021	2	11
1058	2	11
1322	2	11
1322	2	11
305	2	11
.I 12
.T
Acquisition from the 3rd World
.A
Clarke, D.A.
.W
  The Ligue des bibliotheques europeennes de recherche (LIBER) was set up
in 1971 as an international non-governmental organization, with the aim of
establishing close collaboration between the general research libraries of
Western Europe, particularly national and university libraries, and in
particular to help in finding practical ways of improving the quality of
the services these libraries provide.
  At the second meeting of its General Assembly, held in Luxembourg in 1972,
LIBER decided to hold a seminar on the acquisition of materials from the
'Third World'; and I was charged with the 'intellectual organization' of this
seminar.  The purpose of the meeting would be to examine the problems of
acquisition; the availability of materials in European libraries both for
reference and for lending; and the feasibility of setting up a European centre
for the collection of such material, to be available for loan.  The provision
of bibliographic information, preferable in machine-readable form, was to be
a basic consideration, whatever means were proposed for acquiring publications
from those areas.  The Council of Europe made a generous grant towards the
cost of the seminar which was held at the University of Sussex from 17 to 19
September 1973.
.X
12	2	12
12	2	12
12	2	12
12	2	12
12	2	12
12	2	12
12	2	12
12	2	12
.I 13
.T
AD695049
.A
Wooster, H.
.W
I am not, nor have I ever pretended to be, an expert on
microfiche.  Nevertheless, when I was invited to address the
Third Annual Northeastern DDC/Industry Users Conference in
Waltham, Massachusetts in April of 1968 I had the temerity to
attempt to describe what I as a user would like to have in a
fiche reader.  ("Towards a Uniform Federal Report Numbering
System and a Cuddly Microfiche Reader--Two Modest Proposals."
Revised September 1968.  AD-669204)
.X
465	2	13
466	2	13
475	2	13
664	2	13
13	2	13
13	2	13
13	2	13
13	2	13
13	2	13
24	2	13
720	2	13
783	2	13
66	2	13
76	2	13
837	2	13
839	2	13
121	2	13
152	2	13
907	2	13
914	2	13
968	2	13
213	2	13
245	2	13
286	2	13
1362	2	13
1363	2	13
.I 14
.T
The Administration of the College Library
.A
Lyle, G.R.
.W
  If this book has a central thesis, it rests upon the simple but
frequently neglected principle that college library service goes
beyond the commonly accepted functions of book circulation and
storage.  The college library exists, not merely to house and
circulate library materials, but to supplement and extend the teaching
process with reference service, to afford faculty members library
opportunities for improving instruction, and to encourage students
to read more and better books.  Administration is essentially a
service activity, a tool through which library functions are more
fully and efficiently realized.
  The present work retains most of the material of the first edition,
but includes substantial revision in each chapter.  The book was
planned not only as a text in the teaching of college library
administration but also for independent professional reading.  Because
readers have found the footnotes and chapter bibliographies useful
for reference purposes, they have been brought up to date and in
some cases extended.
.X
550	2	14
14	2	14
14	2	14
14	2	14
14	2	14
14	2	14
14	2	14
767	2	14
772	2	14
132	2	14
137	2	14
153	2	14
170	2	14
952	2	14
223	2	14
237	2	14
266	2	14
271	2	14
272	2	14
1019	2	14
1028	2	14
1030	2	14
1086	2	14
1090	2	14
1275	2	14
1280	2	14
1424	2	14
1424	2	14
1424	2	14
302	2	14
.I 15
.T
Information Flow in Research and Development Laboratories
.A
Allen, Thomas J.
Cohen, Stephen I.
.W
   Technical communication patterns in two research and development laboratories
were examined using modified sociometric techniques.. The structure of 
technical communication networks in the two laboratories results from the 
interaction of both social relations and work structure.. The sociometric 
"stars" in the technical communication network who provide other members of the
organization with information either make greater use of individuals outside
the organization or read the literature more than other members of the 
laboratory..
.X
447	2	15
449	2	15
475	2	15
560	2	15
574	2	15
592	2	15
625	2	15
658	2	15
15	2	15
15	2	15
15	2	15
15	2	15
15	2	15
15	2	15
15	2	15
15	2	15
15	2	15
15	2	15
32	2	15
803	2	15
102	2	15
103	2	15
105	2	15
105	2	15
139	2	15
152	2	15
1036	2	15
1048	2	15
1186	2	15
1186	2	15
1187	2	15
1188	2	15
1235	2	15
1291	2	15
1319	2	15
1321	2	15
1329	2	15
1333	2	15
1386	2	15
1387	2	15
1408	2	15
1408	2	15
313	2	15
313	2	15
356	2	15
.I 16
.T
Adopting the Library of Congress Classification System
.A
Matthis, R.E.
.W
     This manual is designed to make it possible for any library to change
efficiently to the Library of Congress Classification system.  Detailed
procedures are outlined which may serve as exact models or as a series of
suggested steps which have proven effective in actual use.  Most of the text
deals with the necessary criteria for effecting the planning, making the
preparations, selecting the tools, and establishing the procedures which
are essential for a reclassification project.  Beyond this, considerable
attention has been given to many of the problem areas of the LC
Classification-series, biography, bibliography, law, PZ3 and PZ4.  In
addition, the literature Tables VIIIa and IXa, two of the most
frequently used tables throughout the entire class system, have been
thoroughly explained and their application illustrated by a series of
comprehensive examples.  Since the mechanics, production, and cost of
catalogue card copy can significantly affect the flow of books to users,
a chapter has been devoted to describing the use of Xerox copying
machines in library operations.  Finally, an annotated bibliography
of books and articles judged to be helpful in deciding to reclassify is
included for those readers who wish to delve more deeply into the
tortuous and frustrating 50-year history of the concept of centralized
cataloging and classification.  The numbers enclosed in parentheses
throughout the text refer to sources in the bibliography which relate
to or support the arguments being advanced in any particular case.
.X
404	2	16
16	2	16
16	2	16
16	2	16
16	2	16
16	2	16
16	2	16
796	2	16
802	2	16
838	2	16
861	2	16
863	2	16
863	2	16
864	2	16
897	2	16
154	2	16
989	2	16
235	2	16
250	2	16
289	2	16
1152	2	16
1392	2	16
1431	2	16
.I 17
.T
Adventures in Librarianship
.A
Voigt, M.J.
.B
1970
.W
  There has long been a need for a continuing series to provide
scholarly reviews of the rapidly changing and advancing field of
librarianship, a series which would select subjects with particular
current significance to the profession and provide an analysis of
the advances made through research and practice.  Advances in
Librarianship is planned and designed to fill this need.  It will
present critical articles and surveys based on the published literature,
research in progress, and developments in libraries of all types.
   Mechanization may appear to be the most obvious of the advancing fronts
of librarianship, for automation has caught the enthusiastic support of all
librarians who can visualize its potential.
Advances in this field will certainly be found in every volume of this series.
As the first group of articles in this volume demonstrate, technological change
has an obvious and direct implication for libraries, but the problem has been
found to be much more complex than the simple inventory problem many experts
expected.
Advances in Librarianship is dedicated to presenting the realities of
automation, assessing where we are, where we are going, and how fast we can hope
to get there.
"The Machine and Cataloging" reviews the current status of the machine-produced
book catalog and what lies ahead as we enter the age of MARC.
Where business methods have greater applicability, progress is easier, as
reported in "Mechanization of Acquisition Processes."
Even in this area generally acceptable practices and standardization are in the
future, not the past.
One of the problems of major and immediate importance in computerization of
catalog information is that discussed in "Filing Systems for Computer
Manipulation."
This detailed review presents the complexity of the problems and suggests
possible solutions.
   For many years technical service costs have been defended without adequate
knowledge of the facts.
As automated procedures are proposed, standards are determining costs of
traditional operations become essential.
The article on standards for such costs shows why the problems have been difficult
and reviews the significant advances of the past few years.
   The school library has widened its dimensions in materials and services much
more rapidly than other libraries, as reflected in its new name, the
instructional media center.
Here, technical change, together with new teaching methods, has made possible
major developments in library service in schools as well as for children in
the public library.
Two articles make clear that what can be done has been demonstrated, and that
what remains is to make this the rule rather than the exception.
   Bibliotherapy is an example of a field in which progress has been slow.
   Articles which illustrate the potential which systems theory and managerial
planning theory have for libraries.
The articles on the application of these concepts, which come from research in
administration, are provocative and may appear controversial to some.
   The article on library development in developing countries provides an
analysis in depth of our efforts and degree of success in assisting other
countries in providing the library service which is so important in the modern
world.
.X
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.I 18
.T
Selective Dissemination of Information
.A
Mauerhoff, G.R.
.B
1974
.W
  The present contribution does not duplicate previous studies but
complements the earlier publications and closes the few gaps that
exist in the literature prior to 1966 and after 1971.  Additionally,
it is a bold attempt to evaluate critically and objectively the history
of the mechanized selective dissemination of information (SDI) as
reflected in the literature, from the initial description by Luhn
(1958, 1961b, c) to the post-1970 period when the SDI boom began losing
ground to the more popular on-line interactive systems.  The review
therefore questions and interprets the concept of SDI, its implementation,
and its evolution in the light of work performed by many companies,
government agencies, universities, societies, and libraries during the
last fourteen years.
.X
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.I 19
.T
Adventures in Theory of Languages
.A
Herdan, G.
.W
  In trying to give an account of the statistical properties of
language, one is faced with the problem of having to find the
common thread which would show the many and multifarious forms
of language statistics - embodied in scattered papers written
by linguists, philosophers, mathematicians, engineers, each using
his own professional idiom as belonging to one great whole:
quantitative linguistics.
  The book stresses the peculiarity of statistics of language
structure as against just conventional statistics.  To put the
difference between two types of statistics briefly, the latter comprises
the methods and parameters of general number statistics as applied, e.g., in
Economics and Demography, the former has its own methods and characterising
parameters, particularly useful for describing and evaluating language
structure.  The idea of statistical linguistics as using concepts and
methods of its own, which was adumbrated in the author's "Language as
choice and Chance", 1956, has now taken definite shape.
  Of this development I shall try to give a brief account.  In my book,
"Language as Choice and Chance", the foundation was laid for a truly
sensible application of statistics to language by my interpretation
of the langue-parole dichotomy as being essentially that between statistical
universe and sample.
.X
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.I 20
.T
The Age of Jewett: Charles Coffin Jewett and American Librarianship
1841-1868
.A
Harris, M.M.
.W
     Most librarians mark the beginning of modern librarianship
from the founding of the American Library Association in 1876 and
the appearance on the national library scene of such dynamic and
controversial figures as Melvil Dewey and Charles Ammi Cutter.
     But in doing so, they overlook an extremely significant era in
the history of our profession, for the quarter century preceding the
1876 meeting in Philadelphia was one characterized by great advances
in the field of American librarianship.  This period of growth was to
have considerable influence on the course of library development in
America after 1876.  To ignore the third quarter of the nineteenth
century is to risk misinterpreting the pivotal post-1876 era,
and in this time of reappraisal, it seems particularly appropriate
and useful to focus our attention on the years preceding the founding
of the American Library Association.
.X
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.I 21
.T
On Aggression
.A
Lorenz, K.
.W
  In this book, Lorenz deals with the evolution of aggression
in vertebrates.  He points out that aggressivity is totally different
from predation: that it is a biological necessity for defence of
territory and for a cornered animal, and that it becomes mixed
up with other innate drives, thus leading up towards reduction
of intraspecific damage. This, be it noted, is most evident in
fiercer social predators like wolves, where escape from the pack
is virtually impossible and where co-operation without fighting
is necessary for survival; whereas in the non-social but proverbially
peaceful dove prevention of escape leads to violent and often
fatal attacks on the weaker mate.
  In a final chapter he advances some suggestion as to how in
the human species, where evolution is primarily cultural, and
not guided by Darwinian selection in the strict sense, the
aggressive drive may be canalized into less dangerous channels.
Man has innumerable ways of adaptively ritualizing his behavior,
many of them analogous, if not homologous, to those found in
animals.  In any event, On Aggression is a fascinating book by
a master of his subject.
.X
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.I 22
.T
Education and Manpower for Librarians
.A
Asheim, L.E.
.W
  This paper is not an official policy statement
of the American Library Association nor
of the Office for Library Education.  It is
simply an exploration, an outline of possibilities
for consideration by the profession.  Its purpose is 
to generate discussion that will lead
eventually to a statement of Association policy
that the profession will support and make
effective.
  A basic assumption on which the statement
rests is this: that the library occupation is
much broader than that segment of it which is
the library profession, but that the professional
segment has responsibility for the definition
and supervision of the training and education
required by the complete range of activities
encompassed by the occupation.  Librarians
are not the only persons who work in
libraries, but librarians are the ones who are
concerned with the advancement and improvement
of the library profession.  It follows then
that it is the obligation of the professionals
to engage actively in the establishment and
maintenance of standards and norms governing
the preparation of people who work at
any level in libraries.  They should define and
guide the kinds of preparation most useful at
the pre-professional level and not
merely the education of those who will hold
positions at the level we now call "professional."
.X
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.I 23
.T
Pilot Inventory of Library Holdings
.A
Braden, I.A.
.W
This project was undertaken because of the
high degree of uncertainty among the library
staff regarding the extent of the problem of
missing books.  The findings of this study gave
the Ohio State University libraries concrete
evidence as to how many books are missing
and indicated the areas in which book losses
are the greatest.  These figures also provide
information which can be conveyed to the
faculty or administration when they voice
complaints about the unavailability of library
books.  The areas where losses are high also
tend to indicate the areas of most frequent
use.
.X
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23	2	23
.I 24
.T
Libraries and Technological Forces Affecting Them
.A
Cuadra, C.A.
.W
1.  What do we mean by technology and what kind of technological forces are
we concerned with?
2.  Why is it important to be concerned with technology in thinking about the
future of libraries?
3.  What kinds of technology are particularly important for libraries?
4.  How can this technology be applied today?
5.  What can we foresee for the future, as we move toward the year 2000?
6.  What, if anything, should we do tomorrow to try to get from here to here?
.X
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.I 25
.T
Algebraic Systems
.A
Maltsev, A.I.
.W
   As far back as the 1920's, algebra had been accepted as the science
studying the properties of sets on which there is defined a particular
system of operations.  However up until the forties the overwhelming
majority of algebraists were investigating merely a few kinds of algebraic
structures.  These were primarily groups, rings and lattices.  The first
general theoretical work dealing with arbitrary sets with arbitrary
operations is due to G. Birkhoff (1935).  During these same years, A.
Tarski published an important paper in which he formulated the basic
principles of a theory of sets equipped with a system of relations.  Such
sets are now called models.  In contrast to algebra, model theory made
abundant use of the apparatus of mathematical logic.  The possibility of
making fruitful use of logic not only to study universal algebras but
also the more classical parts of algebra such as group theory was
discovered by the author in 1936.
  During the next twenty-five years, it gradually became clear that the
theory of universal algebras and model theory are very intimately
related despite a certain difference in the nature of their problems.  And
it is therefore meaningful to speak of a single theory of algebraic systems
dealing with sets on which there is defined a series of operations and
relations (algebraic systems). The formal apparatus of the theory is the
language of the so-called applied predicate calculus.  Thus the theory can
be considered to border on logic and algebra.
.X
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.I 26
.T
Indexing and Abstracting by Association
.A
Doyle, L.B.
.W
This article discusses the possibility of exploiting the
statistics of word co-occurrence in text for purposes of
document retrieval. Co-occurrence is defined and related
to the mental processes of authors and readers; several
means of quantitative measurement of word co-occurrence
are then scrutinized.  It is shown that the most
strongly co-occurring word pairs, which are therefore
"associated" in a statistical sense, can be represented
in the form of an "association map."  The last half of the
article presents two modes of use of association maps
in literature searching.
.X
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.I 27
.T
Cost Analysis and Simulation Procedures for the Evaluation
of Large Information Systems
.A
Bourne, C.P.
Ford, D.F.
.W
A computer program has been written and used which
simulates the several-year operation of an information
system and computes estimates of the expected
operating costs as well as the amount of equipment
and personnel required during that time period.  The
program has been used for the analysis of several
large systems and has proven itself to be a useful
research tool for the study of systems with so many
components and interrelated operations that an
equivalent manual analysis would be extremely
cumbersome and time consuming,and perhaps even
impractical. This paper describes this program and
shows, as an example, some of the results of a simulation
of two of several suggested designs for a specific
information system.
.X
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.I 28
.T
A Note on the Pseudo-Mathematics of Relevance
.A
Taube, M.
.W
  Recently a number of articles, books, and reports
dealing with information systems, i.e., document retrieval
systems, have advanced the doctrine that such systems
are to be evaluated in terms of the degree or percentage
of relevancy they provide.
  Although there seems to be little agreement on what
relevance means, and some doubt that it is quantifiable,
there is, nevertheless, a growing agreement that a fixed
and formal relationship exists between the relevance and
the recall performance of any system.  Thus, we will find
in the literature both a frankly subjective notion of 
relevance as reported by individual users, and equations,
curves, and mathematical formulations which presumably provide
numerical measures of the recall and relevance
characteristics of information systems.  This phenomenon
of shifting back and forth from an admittedly subjective
and non-mathematical term to equations in which the
same term is given a mathematical value or a mathematical
definition has its ancient parallel in discussions
of probability.  One cannot, of course, legislate the
meaning of a term.  It all depends, as Alice pointed out,
on "who is master," the user or the term.  On the other hand,
the use of a single term in the same document to cover
two or more distinct meanings, especially when such a
usage is designed to secure the acceptance of a doctrine
by attributing to it mathematical validity which it does
not have, represents a more serious situation than merely
careless ambiguity.
.X
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.I 29
.T
Some Questions Concerning "Information Need"
.A
O'Connor, J.
.W
The expression "satisfying a requester's information
need" is often used, but its meaning is obscure.  The
literature on "information need" in relation to
retrieval suggests three different (though not inconsistent)
possible interpretations.  However, each of these
interpretations is itself fundamentally unclear. The
various obscurities involved are indicated by critical
questions, which those who write of information need
are invited to answer.
.X
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1118	2	29
1175	2	29
1195	2	29
1201	2	29
1231	2	29
1235	2	29
1281	2	29
1281	2	29
1285	2	29
1358	2	29
346	2	29
382	2	29
.I 30
.T
Vocabulary Building and Control Techniques
.A
Wall, Eugene
.W
   The rationale is given for creation and maintainance by an information 
center of a controlled indexing and retrieval vocabulary.. Basic vocabulary
principles are (1) use of natural language, (2) development of hospitality
to new concepts, (3) provision of adequate cross-referencing, and (4)
formatting for easy use.. Terminalogical conventions necessary for development
and control of a useful vocabulary are summarized, and the techniques for 
applying these conventions to construct a thesaurus are described.. 
Computerized editing techniques and updating techniques are briefly set forth..
.X
419	2	30
434	2	30
483	2	30
581	2	30
661	2	30
666	2	30
30	2	30
30	2	30
30	2	30
30	2	30
30	2	30
71	2	30
75	2	30
77	2	30
78	2	30
79	2	30
80	2	30
81	2	30
82	2	30
83	2	30
838	2	30
853	2	30
154	2	30
176	2	30
179	2	30
212	2	30
247	2	30
1118	2	30
1327	2	30
1393	2	30
1414	2	30
1431	2	30
1448	2	30
363	2	30
.I 31
.T
Attendance and Use of the Science Library at M.I.T.
.A
Bush, G.C.
Galliher, H.P.
Morse, P.M.
.W
This is an interim report on continuing
studies of library operations at Massachusetts
Institute of Technology being made by
members of the Institute's Operations Research
Project in cooperation with the librarians and
library staff.  In this report, which is based
on actual observations of on-the-premise use
made of the Science Library, various statistics
measuring the kind, degree, and intensity of use
are tabulated.  In addition there are some
suggested measures of effectiveness of the library.
A unique outcome of the survey has been the
construction and verification of a mathematical
model employing probability theory to measure
rate and kind of use of library material
together with length of stay of library patrons.
Such models, characteristic of an operations
research approach, give promise of furthering
the goal of effective library management and
planning.
.X
415	2	31
475	2	31
31	2	31
31	2	31
31	2	31
31	2	31
31	2	31
36	2	31
41	2	31
46	2	31
46	2	31
46	2	31
748	2	31
760	2	31
767	2	31
767	2	31
774	2	31
778	2	31
778	2	31
891	2	31
181	2	31
182	2	31
183	2	31
183	2	31
184	2	31
193	2	31
193	2	31
195	2	31
198	2	31
905	2	31
925	2	31
952	2	31
953	2	31
964	2	31
964	2	31
968	2	31
977	2	31
201	2	31
201	2	31
201	2	31
206	2	31
207	2	31
208	2	31
266	2	31
269	2	31
269	2	31
1009	2	31
1018	2	31
1019	2	31
1019	2	31
1086	2	31
1173	2	31
1203	2	31
1203	2	31
1240	2	31
1352	2	31
1359	2	31
1397	2	31
1417	2	31
1451	2	31
359	2	31
373	2	31
379	2	31
395	2	31
.I 32
.T
Information Gathering Patterns and Creativity
A study of research chemists in an industrial research laboratory
.A
Maizell, Robert E.
.W
   A comparison of creative and "noncreative" research chemists with 
respect to the ways in which they use their professional and technical 
literature.. The creative chemists differ from the "noncreative" in that the
former read more technical literature on the job, are less reluctant to use 
literature of greater reading difficulty, are less influenced in their 
independence of thought, read more extensively and consult more frequently the
older material, are more inquisitive and have broader cultural interests.. The
findings of the study are believed to be helpful in planning library and 
information services, in refining future inquiries into the ways in which
scientists use recorded information, and in improving tests for the 
identification of creative ability among chemists..
.X
2	2	32
4	2	32
9	2	32
456	2	32
475	2	32
592	2	32
15	2	32
32	2	32
32	2	32
32	2	32
32	2	32
32	2	32
716	2	32
768	2	32
771	2	32
774	2	32
783	2	32
799	2	32
96	2	32
811	2	32
816	2	32
103	2	32
103	2	32
137	2	32
163	2	32
913	2	32
961	2	32
962	2	32
964	2	32
968	2	32
207	2	32
255	2	32
1068	2	32
1151	2	32
1203	2	32
1291	2	32
1321	2	32
1339	2	32
1361	2	32
1407	2	32
1445	2	32
.I 33
.T
The "Half-Life" of Some Scientific and Technical Literatures
.A
Burton, R.E.
.A
Kebler, R.W.
.W
   A consideration of the analogy between the half-life of radioactive 
substances and the rate of obsolescence of scientific literature.. The validity 
of this analogy suggest the possibility of more accurate prognostications
concerning the period of time during which scientific literature may by used 
and hence might help to guide the planning of library collections and 
technical information services..
.X
543	2	33
544	2	33
545	2	33
545	2	33
552	2	33
560	2	33
587	2	33
587	2	33
588	2	33
605	2	33
605	2	33
613	2	33
613	2	33
614	2	33
614	2	33
614	2	33
616	2	33
624	2	33
632	2	33
635	2	33
638	2	33
638	2	33
638	2	33
651	2	33
667	2	33
33	2	33
33	2	33
33	2	33
33	2	33
33	2	33
33	2	33
33	2	33
33	2	33
33	2	33
33	2	33
33	2	33
33	2	33
33	2	33
33	2	33
33	2	33
33	2	33
33	2	33
33	2	33
33	2	33
36	2	33
36	2	33
41	2	33
46	2	33
48	2	33
48	2	33
735	2	33
747	2	33
747	2	33
748	2	33
750	2	33
750	2	33
751	2	33
753	2	33
759	2	33
765	2	33
766	2	33
767	2	33
767	2	33
767	2	33
775	2	33
775	2	33
775	2	33
778	2	33
782	2	33
784	2	33
784	2	33
786	2	33
788	2	33
789	2	33
789	2	33
791	2	33
793	2	33
793	2	33
793	2	33
793	2	33
794	2	33
799	2	33
89	2	33
90	2	33
97	2	33
800	2	33
800	2	33
800	2	33
800	2	33
800	2	33
808	2	33
808	2	33
808	2	33
811	2	33
101	2	33
102	2	33
104	2	33
105	2	33
106	2	33
106	2	33
107	2	33
111	2	33
111	2	33
112	2	33
155	2	33
155	2	33
161	2	33
163	2	33
183	2	33
183	2	33
184	2	33
184	2	33
193	2	33
193	2	33
198	2	33
199	2	33
199	2	33
905	2	33
925	2	33
925	2	33
948	2	33
953	2	33
959	2	33
977	2	33
977	2	33
983	2	33
983	2	33
983	2	33
201	2	33
202	2	33
203	2	33
203	2	33
204	2	33
205	2	33
209	2	33
210	2	33
212	2	33
217	2	33
220	2	33
222	2	33
225	2	33
233	2	33
267	2	33
269	2	33
284	2	33
286	2	33
294	2	33
1016	2	33
1019	2	33
1023	2	33
1030	2	33
1030	2	33
1055	2	33
1063	2	33
1081	2	33
1087	2	33
1082	2	33
1082	2	33
1088	2	33
1090	2	33
1097	2	33
1135	2	33
1151	2	33
1174	2	33
1260	2	33
1273	2	33
1275	2	33
1275	2	33
1276	2	33
1278	2	33
1280	2	33
1285	2	33
1285	2	33
1285	2	33
1285	2	33
1286	2	33
1286	2	33
1286	2	33
1286	2	33
1287	2	33
1287	2	33
1287	2	33
1287	2	33
1287	2	33
1302	2	33
1302	2	33
1308	2	33
1308	2	33
1312	2	33
1334	2	33
1335	2	33
1335	2	33
1338	2	33
1338	2	33
1341	2	33
1346	2	33
1352	2	33
1390	2	33
1397	2	33
1417	2	33
1428	2	33
1432	2	33
314	2	33
361	2	33
367	2	33
373	2	33
373	2	33
.I 34
.T
Keyword-In-Context Index for Technical Literature (KWIC Index)
.A
Luhn, H.P.
.W
   A distinction is made between bibliographical indexes for new and past
literature based on the willingness of the user to trade perfection for 
currency.. Indexes giving keywords in their context are proposed as suitable 
for disseminating new information.. These can be entirely machine-generated 
and hence kept up-to-date with the current literature.. A compatible coding 
scheme to identify the indexed documents is also proposed.. In it elements are
automatically extracted from the usual identifiers of the document so that the 
coded identifier yields a maximum of information while remaining susceptible 
to normal methods of ordering..
.X
421	2	34
465	2	34
466	2	34
480	2	34
490	2	34
491	2	34
506	2	34
507	2	34
510	2	34
510	2	34
512	2	34
565	2	34
591	2	34
595	2	34
603	2	34
603	2	34
604	2	34
622	2	34
623	2	34
629	2	34
633	2	34
639	2	34
659	2	34
673	2	34
674	2	34
676	2	34
680	2	34
18	2	34
34	2	34
34	2	34
34	2	34
34	2	34
34	2	34
34	2	34
34	2	34
34	2	34
49	2	34
711	2	34
711	2	34
711	2	34
711	2	34
715	2	34
722	2	34
723	2	34
726	2	34
728	2	34
730	2	34
731	2	34
732	2	34
746	2	34
760	2	34
53	2	34
53	2	34
53	2	34
53	2	34
59	2	34
809	2	34
810	2	34
813	2	34
814	2	34
820	2	34
822	2	34
828	2	34
870	2	34
879	2	34
164	2	34
175	2	34
202	2	34
213	2	34
224	2	34
243	2	34
252	2	34
1045	2	34
1091	2	34
1118	2	34
1281	2	34
1283	2	34
1298	2	34
1299	2	34
1327	2	34
1363	2	34
1366	2	34
1367	2	34
1368	2	34
1396	2	34
1448	2	34
.I 35
.T
Comparisons of Four Types of Lexical Indicators of Content
.A
Rath, G.J.
Resnick, A.
Savage, T.R.
.W
An experiment was conducted to determine which of 
four types of lexical indicators of content could be
utilized best by subjects to determine relevant from
irrelevant documents and to answer a set of 100
questions.  The results indicate that there were no
major differences between the groups using complete
text and abstracts to select relevant documents, but
the group utilizing the complete text obtained a
significantly higher score on the examination.
.X
420	2	35
420	2	35
444	2	35
445	2	35
447	2	35
449	2	35
474	2	35
486	2	35
499	2	35
532	2	35
571	2	35
571	2	35
571	2	35
578	2	35
582	2	35
589	2	35
594	2	35
595	2	35
625	2	35
655	2	35
656	2	35
657	2	35
657	2	35
660	2	35
664	2	35
666	2	35
26	2	35
29	2	35
35	2	35
35	2	35
35	2	35
35	2	35
35	2	35
42	2	35
42	2	35
43	2	35
43	2	35
43	2	35
712	2	35
762	2	35
764	2	35
52	2	35
58	2	35
70	2	35
70	2	35
73	2	35
81	2	35
84	2	35
95	2	35
893	2	35
1016	2	35
1030	2	35
1045	2	35
1054	2	35
1054	2	35
1084	2	35
1154	2	35
1195	2	35
1201	2	35
1232	2	35
1235	2	35
1281	2	35
1281	2	35
1281	2	35
1285	2	35
1295	2	35
1298	2	35
315	2	35
.I 36
.T
Recorded Use of Books in the Yale Medical Library
.A
Kilgour, F.G.
.W
Explores the amount of use of books by categories of
borrowers in the Yale Medical Library, with a view to
discovering the proportion of the catalogue which should
be put in machinable form.
.X
415	2	36
543	2	36
545	2	36
552	2	36
587	2	36
587	2	36
588	2	36
605	2	36
613	2	36
613	2	36
614	2	36
624	2	36
638	2	36
667	2	36
31	2	36
33	2	36
33	2	36
36	2	36
36	2	36
36	2	36
36	2	36
36	2	36
36	2	36
36	2	36
41	2	36
41	2	36
46	2	36
46	2	36
735	2	36
747	2	36
748	2	36
750	2	36
750	2	36
751	2	36
753	2	36
759	2	36
760	2	36
765	2	36
766	2	36
767	2	36
767	2	36
767	2	36
57	2	36
774	2	36
775	2	36
778	2	36
778	2	36
782	2	36
784	2	36
787	2	36
788	2	36
789	2	36
791	2	36
792	2	36
793	2	36
793	2	36
799	2	36
89	2	36
90	2	36
97	2	36
800	2	36
800	2	36
800	2	36
808	2	36
808	2	36
891	2	36
891	2	36
102	2	36
111	2	36
112	2	36
161	2	36
163	2	36
181	2	36
182	2	36
183	2	36
183	2	36
183	2	36
183	2	36
184	2	36
184	2	36
184	2	36
184	2	36
184	2	36
185	2	36
193	2	36
193	2	36
193	2	36
193	2	36
195	2	36
195	2	36
198	2	36
198	2	36
199	2	36
199	2	36
905	2	36
905	2	36
952	2	36
953	2	36
953	2	36
959	2	36
964	2	36
968	2	36
977	2	36
983	2	36
201	2	36
201	2	36
201	2	36
201	2	36
202	2	36
203	2	36
203	2	36
203	2	36
203	2	36
204	2	36
204	2	36
205	2	36
205	2	36
209	2	36
210	2	36
211	2	36
212	2	36
217	2	36
217	2	36
220	2	36
220	2	36
222	2	36
225	2	36
233	2	36
267	2	36
269	2	36
269	2	36
269	2	36
284	2	36
286	2	36
294	2	36
1009	2	36
1016	2	36
1018	2	36
1019	2	36
1023	2	36
1030	2	36
1055	2	36
1081	2	36
1083	2	36
1085	2	36
1086	2	36
1087	2	36
1082	2	36
1090	2	36
1135	2	36
1151	2	36
1201	2	36
1240	2	36
1260	2	36
1275	2	36
1275	2	36
1276	2	36
1278	2	36
1278	2	36
1280	2	36
1285	2	36
1286	2	36
1287	2	36
1302	2	36
1335	2	36
1359	2	36
1390	2	36
1397	2	36
1397	2	36
1397	2	36
1401	2	36
1416	2	36
1417	2	36
1417	2	36
1417	2	36
1418	2	36
1428	2	36
1432	2	36
359	2	36
373	2	36
395	2	36
395	2	36
.I 37
.T
The World's Technical Journal Literature:
An Estimate of Volume, Origin, Language,
Field, Indexing, and Abstracting
.A
Bourne, C.P.
.W
A quantitative estimate is made of the magnitude of the
world's scientific and technical journal literature problem.
Using a number of basic sources of statistical information,
a composite picture is established to show such things as
the total volume, linguistic and national origins, breakdown
by subject field, and degree of coverage by the abstracting
and indexing services.
.X
505	2	37
543	2	37
560	2	37
573	2	37
614	2	37
618	2	37
618	2	37
622	2	37
632	2	37
635	2	37
638	2	37
667	2	37
19	2	37
37	2	37
37	2	37
37	2	37
37	2	37
37	2	37
37	2	37
37	2	37
37	2	37
37	2	37
39	2	37
40	2	37
40	2	37
40	2	37
47	2	37
735	2	37
748	2	37
749	2	37
751	2	37
760	2	37
764	2	37
765	2	37
777	2	37
777	2	37
778	2	37
782	2	37
63	2	37
63	2	37
88	2	37
97	2	37
804	2	37
805	2	37
893	2	37
102	2	37
103	2	37
166	2	37
198	2	37
907	2	37
952	2	37
952	2	37
233	2	37
253	2	37
253	2	37
1016	2	37
1030	2	37
1061	2	37
1085	2	37
1086	2	37
1087	2	37
1115	2	37
1168	2	37
1182	2	37
1200	2	37
1210	2	37
1223	2	37
1260	2	37
1274	2	37
1275	2	37
1275	2	37
1276	2	37
1277	2	37
1278	2	37
1280	2	37
1287	2	37
1301	2	37
1301	2	37
1302	2	37
1302	2	37
1302	2	37
1304	2	37
1313	2	37
1330	2	37
1338	2	37
1344	2	37
1347	2	37
1380	2	37
1380	2	37
1428	2	37
1444	2	37
1446	2	37
1447	2	37
313	2	37
359	2	37
377	2	37
379	2	37
395	2	37
395	2	37
.I 38
.T
Machinelike Indexing by People
.A
Montgomery, C.
Swanson, D.R.
.W
A study of several thousand entries in a classified bibliography
of article titles (the Index Medicus) revealed that a
large proportion of the title entries contained words identical
to or synonymous with words of the corresponding
subject heading.  It is inferred that a major part of the
bibliography studied could have been compiled by a machine
procedure operating on titles alone, provided the
machine was supplied with a suitable synonym dictionary.
.X
429	2	38
488	2	38
489	2	38
490	2	38
491	2	38
492	2	38
495	2	38
496	2	38
497	2	38
493	2	38
499	2	38
494	2	38
500	2	38
510	2	38
510	2	38
514	2	38
520	2	38
565	2	38
581	2	38
582	2	38
582	2	38
582	2	38
583	2	38
583	2	38
583	2	38
584	2	38
586	2	38
586	2	38
589	2	38
589	2	38
597	2	38
603	2	38
603	2	38
603	2	38
608	2	38
659	2	38
38	2	38
38	2	38
38	2	38
38	2	38
38	2	38
38	2	38
38	2	38
38	2	38
38	2	38
722	2	38
722	2	38
726	2	38
755	2	38
52	2	38
52	2	38
795	2	38
75	2	38
84	2	38
801	2	38
813	2	38
820	2	38
822	2	38
827	2	38
830	2	38
150	2	38
150	2	38
175	2	38
986	2	38
1091	2	38
1144	2	38
1144	2	38
1171	2	38
1195	2	38
1195	2	38
1294	2	38
1294	2	38
1327	2	38
1421	2	38
1448	2	38
382	2	38
.I 39
.T
Bibliographic Coupling Between Scientific Papers
.A
Kessler, M.M.
.W
This report describes the results of automatic processing
of a large number of scientific papers according
to a rigorously defined criterion of coupling.  The
population of papers under study was ordered into 
groups that satisfy the stated criterion of interrelation.
An examination of the papers that constitute the
groups shows a high degree of logical correlation.
.X
420	2	39
446	2	39
455	2	39
458	2	39
473	2	39
473	2	39
485	2	39
485	2	39
485	2	39
485	2	39
485	2	39
503	2	39
503	2	39
503	2	39
503	2	39
503	2	39
503	2	39
505	2	39
560	2	39
560	2	39
572	2	39
573	2	39
576	2	39
584	2	39
602	2	39
605	2	39
616	2	39
618	2	39
618	2	39
632	2	39
632	2	39
632	2	39
632	2	39
632	2	39
632	2	39
632	2	39
632	2	39
635	2	39
635	2	39
662	2	39
666	2	39
667	2	39
667	2	39
667	2	39
19	2	39
37	2	39
39	2	39
39	2	39
39	2	39
39	2	39
39	2	39
39	2	39
39	2	39
39	2	39
39	2	39
39	2	39
39	2	39
39	2	39
39	2	39
39	2	39
39	2	39
39	2	39
39	2	39
39	2	39
39	2	39
40	2	39
47	2	39
748	2	39
749	2	39
749	2	39
751	2	39
764	2	39
765	2	39
50	2	39
50	2	39
773	2	39
777	2	39
778	2	39
782	2	39
784	2	39
67	2	39
83	2	39
88	2	39
89	2	39
97	2	39
97	2	39
804	2	39
805	2	39
805	2	39
893	2	39
893	2	39
102	2	39
103	2	39
106	2	39
113	2	39
114	2	39
120	2	39
175	2	39
175	2	39
952	2	39
958	2	39
233	2	39
253	2	39
292	2	39
1010	2	39
1016	2	39
1044	2	39
1061	2	39
1083	2	39
1085	2	39
1085	2	39
1086	2	39
1086	2	39
1087	2	39
1082	2	39
1123	2	39
1144	2	39
1182	2	39
1187	2	39
1200	2	39
1201	2	39
1207	2	39
1207	2	39
1207	2	39
1207	2	39
1273	2	39
1274	2	39
1277	2	39
1277	2	39
1278	2	39
1280	2	39
1283	2	39
1283	2	39
1285	2	39
1285	2	39
1287	2	39
1287	2	39
1287	2	39
1300	2	39
1301	2	39
1302	2	39
1302	2	39
1302	2	39
1304	2	39
1313	2	39
1327	2	39
1338	2	39
1341	2	39
1344	2	39
1346	2	39
1347	2	39
1347	2	39
1380	2	39
1380	2	39
1405	2	39
1426	2	39
1428	2	39
1428	2	39
1444	2	39
1444	2	39
1444	2	39
313	2	39
326	2	39
359	2	39
377	2	39
379	2	39
379	2	39
395	2	39
.I 40
.T
Worldwide Census of Scientific and Technical Serials
.A
Gottschalk, Charles M.
.A
Desmond, Winifred F.
.W
   Results of the census of the world's scientific and technical serial 
literature, within the limits defined and based on an examination of published 
source material from countries throughout the world, reflect a total title 
population much lower than estimated before.. Distribution of this population 
by country, showing better than 50% of the total divided among six major 
countries,  is included and discussed, together with a broad subject 
distribution of serials for certain countries..
.X
465	2	40
505	2	40
560	2	40
573	2	40
618	2	40
618	2	40
622	2	40
632	2	40
635	2	40
667	2	40
19	2	40
37	2	40
37	2	40
37	2	40
39	2	40
40	2	40
40	2	40
40	2	40
40	2	40
40	2	40
40	2	40
40	2	40
40	2	40
40	2	40
40	2	40
47	2	40
748	2	40
749	2	40
751	2	40
764	2	40
765	2	40
777	2	40
777	2	40
778	2	40
782	2	40
782	2	40
88	2	40
97	2	40
804	2	40
805	2	40
893	2	40
102	2	40
103	2	40
131	2	40
133	2	40
136	2	40
150	2	40
952	2	40
233	2	40
253	2	40
253	2	40
1016	2	40
1030	2	40
1061	2	40
1085	2	40
1086	2	40
1087	2	40
1089	2	40
1098	2	40
1151	2	40
1160	2	40
1168	2	40
1182	2	40
1200	2	40
1209	2	40
1223	2	40
1235	2	40
1274	2	40
1275	2	40
1277	2	40
1278	2	40
1280	2	40
1287	2	40
1289	2	40
1290	2	40
1301	2	40
1301	2	40
1302	2	40
1302	2	40
1304	2	40
1313	2	40
1338	2	40
1344	2	40
1347	2	40
1380	2	40
1380	2	40
1428	2	40
1444	2	40
313	2	40
359	2	40
360	2	40
377	2	40
379	2	40
395	2	40
.I 41
.T
New Factors in the Evaluation of Scientific Literature 
Through Citation Indexing
.A
Garfield, E.
.A
Sher, I.H.
.W
   More than one million citations from the scientific literature have been 
processed by the Citation Index Project at the Institute for Scientific 
Information.. The Project, sponsored by NSF and NIH, will be described briefly,
and new methods of using citation data for evaluation of publications will be
discussed..
   Summaries of statistical data, compiled by computer methods such as the 
following, will be given..
   1. Frequency of citation of one journal by another..
   2. Frequency of current citations to the past literature..
   3. Frequency of self-citation by journals and authors..
   4. Number of source citations per cited paper..
   5. Number of references per source paper..
   6. Number of papers published per journal..
.X
415	2	41
473	2	41
545	2	41
552	2	41
587	2	41
605	2	41
613	2	41
614	2	41
632	2	41
638	2	41
31	2	41
33	2	41
36	2	41
36	2	41
41	2	41
41	2	41
41	2	41
41	2	41
41	2	41
41	2	41
41	2	41
41	2	41
41	2	41
47	2	41
46	2	41
735	2	41
747	2	41
747	2	41
750	2	41
753	2	41
760	2	41
764	2	41
766	2	41
767	2	41
767	2	41
50	2	41
772	2	41
774	2	41
775	2	41
778	2	41
782	2	41
784	2	41
788	2	41
789	2	41
793	2	41
89	2	41
97	2	41
800	2	41
808	2	41
891	2	41
893	2	41
102	2	41
105	2	41
106	2	41
111	2	41
112	2	41
132	2	41
147	2	41
163	2	41
181	2	41
182	2	41
183	2	41
183	2	41
184	2	41
184	2	41
193	2	41
193	2	41
195	2	41
195	2	41
196	2	41
196	2	41
198	2	41
198	2	41
199	2	41
199	2	41
905	2	41
905	2	41
905	2	41
952	2	41
953	2	41
953	2	41
964	2	41
965	2	41
968	2	41
977	2	41
983	2	41
201	2	41
203	2	41
203	2	41
210	2	41
215	2	41
219	2	41
221	2	41
225	2	41
233	2	41
269	2	41
269	2	41
1009	2	41
1010	2	41
1016	2	41
1018	2	41
1019	2	41
1023	2	41
1030	2	41
1055	2	41
1071	2	41
1071	2	41
1085	2	41
1086	2	41
1087	2	41
1090	2	41
1090	2	41
1135	2	41
1147	2	41
1147	2	41
1240	2	41
1260	2	41
1274	2	41
1275	2	41
1275	2	41
1276	2	41
1277	2	41
1278	2	41
1278	2	41
1280	2	41
1280	2	41
1283	2	41
1285	2	41
1285	2	41
1285	2	41
1285	2	41
1285	2	41
1286	2	41
1287	2	41
1287	2	41
1287	2	41
1301	2	41
1302	2	41
1302	2	41
1302	2	41
1302	2	41
1302	2	41
1313	2	41
1335	2	41
1341	2	41
1347	2	41
1352	2	41
1359	2	41
1390	2	41
1397	2	41
1397	2	41
1417	2	41
1417	2	41
1428	2	41
1432	2	41
1444	2	41
359	2	41
373	2	41
377	2	41
395	2	41
.I 42
.T
The Notion of Relevance
.A
Hillman, Donald J.
.W
   Analysis of the problems of defining the mutual relevancies of queries and 
document-collections indicates that they essentially involve the problem of
conceptual relatedness.. In order to consider the later problem, the question 
of concept-formation is first discussed, which in turn requires a definition of
concept.. An extensional interpretation is suggested whereby a concept is 
associated with a class of conceptually-similar documents.. Users' similarity-
judgments then provide the empirical data for formal definitions of concept and
conceptual relatedness.. It is found, however, that certain very general 
difficulties rule out the possibility of defining concepts and their 
relatedness by the method proposed.. Since this method is based on human 
relevance-judgments, it seems a natural one to adopt, so that its collapse has
serious practical and theoretical consequences.. An alternative approach is 
therefore proposed whose elaboration will form Part II of this article..
.X
3	2	42
420	2	42
444	2	42
444	2	42
445	2	42
447	2	42
449	2	42
469	2	42
474	2	42
486	2	42
532	2	42
564	2	42
565	2	42
578	2	42
582	2	42
585	2	42
589	2	42
594	2	42
595	2	42
599	2	42
625	2	42
640	2	42
652	2	42
655	2	42
656	2	42
657	2	42
660	2	42
661	2	42
663	2	42
665	2	42
20	2	42
28	2	42
29	2	42
35	2	42
35	2	42
42	2	42
42	2	42
42	2	42
42	2	42
42	2	42
42	2	42
42	2	42
43	2	42
43	2	42
714	2	42
714	2	42
761	2	42
762	2	42
762	2	42
762	2	42
764	2	42
52	2	42
58	2	42
60	2	42
70	2	42
70	2	42
72	2	42
79	2	42
73	2	42
81	2	42
84	2	42
85	2	42
95	2	42
803	2	42
893	2	42
129	2	42
152	2	42
172	2	42
184	2	42
193	2	42
907	2	42
202	2	42
1016	2	42
1022	2	42
1030	2	42
1045	2	42
1045	2	42
1054	2	42
1084	2	42
1154	2	42
1195	2	42
1201	2	42
1232	2	42
1235	2	42
1268	2	42
1281	2	42
1281	2	42
1285	2	42
1295	2	42
1298	2	42
1394	2	42
1407	2	42
.I 43
.T
The Consistency of Human Judgments of Relevance
.A
Resnick, A.
.A
Savage, T.R.
.W
   A comparison of the ability of humans to consistently judge the relevance 
of documents to their general interests from bases of citations, abstracts, 
keywords, and total text was made under controlled experimental conditions.. 
The results showed that 1) humans are able to make such judgments consistently,
and 2) the consistency of the judgment is independent of the particular base 
from which it is made.. Apparent inconsistency arising from judgments made on the 
basis of abstracts remains unexplained.. This experiment, as well as others
concerned with human evaluations of text material, leave unexplored the basic
problem of providing a metric scale on which such evaluations can be measured..
.X
420	2	43
444	2	43
445	2	43
447	2	43
449	2	43
474	2	43
486	2	43
486	2	43
532	2	43
565	2	43
571	2	43
578	2	43
582	2	43
586	2	43
589	2	43
594	2	43
595	2	43
625	2	43
655	2	43
656	2	43
657	2	43
660	2	43
660	2	43
661	2	43
28	2	43
29	2	43
35	2	43
35	2	43
35	2	43
42	2	43
42	2	43
43	2	43
43	2	43
43	2	43
43	2	43
43	2	43
43	2	43
47	2	43
762	2	43
764	2	43
52	2	43
58	2	43
50	2	43
778	2	43
791	2	43
65	2	43
70	2	43
70	2	43
75	2	43
73	2	43
81	2	43
84	2	43
95	2	43
893	2	43
958	2	43
1016	2	43
1030	2	43
1045	2	43
1054	2	43
1084	2	43
1154	2	43
1195	2	43
1201	2	43
1232	2	43
1235	2	43
1281	2	43
1281	2	43
1281	2	43
1285	2	43
1295	2	43
1298	2	43
309	2	43
328	2	43
389	2	43
390	2	43
.I 44
.T
The Distribution of Term Usage in Manipulative Indexes
.A
Houston, Nona
.A
Wall, Eugene
.W
   A semi-empirical correlation, based on data from nine indexes, permits the
prediction of the percentage of terms in a manipulative index vocabulary which 
will be used to index any given number of documents.. This is a function of the
total number of index entries in the system.. A log-normal relationship, 
similar  to Zipf's Law, exists between total index entries and distribution of
term usage.. Based upon the correlation, optimum vocabulary size and growth rate
can inferred, as well as the most efficient arrangement of index entries in a 
storage medium.. The results agree well with published data and appear to be 
particularly useful for designers of mechanized retrieval or publication
operations..
.X
416	2	44
416	2	44
450	2	44
511	2	44
521	2	44
565	2	44
565	2	44
567	2	44
19	2	44
44	2	44
44	2	44
44	2	44
44	2	44
44	2	44
748	2	44
759	2	44
765	2	44
57	2	44
57	2	44
57	2	44
778	2	44
778	2	44
787	2	44
791	2	44
61	2	44
62	2	44
76	2	44
81	2	44
875	2	44
893	2	44
893	2	44
894	2	44
1081	2	44
1083	2	44
1082	2	44
1154	2	44
1173	2	44
1201	2	44
1255	2	44
329	2	44
359	2	44
359	2	44
389	2	44
390	2	44
.I 45
.T
Measuring the Reliability of Subject Classification by Men and Machines
.A
Borko, Harold
.W
   Procedures for measuring the consistency of document classification are 
described.. Three subject specialists classified 997 abstracts of psychological 
reports into one of eleven categories.. These abstracts were also mechanically
classified by a computer program using a factor score computational procedure.. 
Each abstract was scored for all categories and assigned to the one with the
highest score.. The three manual classifications were compared with each other
and with the mechanical classifications, and a series of contingency 
coefficients was computed.. The average reliability of manual classification 
procedures was equal to .870.. The correlation between automatic and manual 
classification was .766..
.X
419	2	45
420	2	45
421	2	45
422	2	45
454	2	45
479	2	45
483	2	45
485	2	45
486	2	45
487	2	45
562	2	45
564	2	45
564	2	45
661	2	45
662	2	45
662	2	45
662	2	45
663	2	45
663	2	45
663	2	45
664	2	45
26	2	45
28	2	45
45	2	45
45	2	45
45	2	45
45	2	45
45	2	45
45	2	45
769	2	45
61	2	45
73	2	45
81	2	45
82	2	45
853	2	45
174	2	45
175	2	45
1279	2	45
1327	2	45
1419	2	45
310	2	45
315	2	45
.I 46
.T
A Quantitative Measure of User Circulation Requirements and Its Possible
Effect on Stack Thinning and Multiple Copy Determination
.A
Trueswell, Richard W.
.W
   The strategy outlined in this article describes a possible aid to the 
librarian for thinning a library's stack according to the criterion of user 
needs.. The method uses the last circulation date as a parameter of user 
circulation requirements.. The resulting stack collection would, by design,
satisfy over 99 percent of the user circulation requirements and yet be of
minimum size.. Preliminary, but not yet fully validated research, indicates 
that the number of volumes in a library's holdings may be reduced by 60 to 70 
percent and yet satisfy well over 99 percent of the user requirements.. It may
also be possible to determine which books should have multiple copies in order
that user disappointment can be minimized.. The effective result of this 
approach is that there now may be a quantitative method of maintaining the 
library's holdings at a reasonable level and, in addition, a reduction in the 
disappointment of the user who is unable to find the book he wants because of 
use by another..
.X
415	2	46
31	2	46
31	2	46
31	2	46
33	2	46
36	2	46
36	2	46
41	2	46
46	2	46
46	2	46
46	2	46
46	2	46
46	2	46
46	2	46
46	2	46
46	2	46
46	2	46
46	2	46
46	2	46
46	2	46
46	2	46
46	2	46
759	2	46
760	2	46
767	2	46
767	2	46
774	2	46
778	2	46
778	2	46
891	2	46
115	2	46
181	2	46
182	2	46
183	2	46
184	2	46
193	2	46
195	2	46
198	2	46
905	2	46
925	2	46
925	2	46
943	2	46
952	2	46
953	2	46
964	2	46
964	2	46
968	2	46
977	2	46
983	2	46
983	2	46
983	2	46
201	2	46
206	2	46
207	2	46
208	2	46
266	2	46
269	2	46
269	2	46
269	2	46
278	2	46
280	2	46
280	2	46
282	2	46
290	2	46
290	2	46
1009	2	46
1018	2	46
1019	2	46
1019	2	46
1019	2	46
1019	2	46
1023	2	46
1030	2	46
1086	2	46
1203	2	46
1203	2	46
1240	2	46
1359	2	46
1397	2	46
1416	2	46
1416	2	46
1417	2	46
1417	2	46
1417	2	46
1450	2	46
367	2	46
395	2	46
.I 47
.T
Improvement of the Selectivity of Citation Indexes to Science Literature
Through Inclusion of Citation Relationship Indicators
.A
Lipetz, Ben-Ami
.W
   Citation indexes to large bodies of science literature can often list far
more citing references under the known cited reference than the user can 
afford the time to look up.. By providing some additional information, beyond 
the minimal association of the citing reference with the cited reference, a 
citation index could provide the means of the user to select from a long list 
those citing references which are most relevant to his immediate search 
requirement.. Means of providing this selectivity are discussed.. Particular 
attention is given to the possibility of adding short codes to the citation 
entries which would be informative of the way in which the citing publication
is operationally related to the cited one (this method is an integral feature 
of the Shepard's legal citations).. A scheme of citation relationships of 
potential value to users of science literature is presented.. These 
relationships were tested on a sampling of physics literature.. The suggested 
categories include indicators of the relation of the citing reference to the
scientific process in general, as well as indicators of its relationship to the
cited reference in particular.. Assignment of the categories to a citation 
requires the exercise of judgment, as in subject indexing, but does not involve
the use of subject terminology.. An illustration is provided of the application 
from a citation index to physics literature..
.X
503	2	47
505	2	47
513	2	47
560	2	47
573	2	47
586	2	47
618	2	47
632	2	47
632	2	47
635	2	47
667	2	47
19	2	47
37	2	47
39	2	47
40	2	47
41	2	47
43	2	47
47	2	47
47	2	47
47	2	47
47	2	47
47	2	47
47	2	47
48	2	47
748	2	47
749	2	47
751	2	47
764	2	47
764	2	47
765	2	47
50	2	47
777	2	47
778	2	47
778	2	47
782	2	47
791	2	47
65	2	47
75	2	47
88	2	47
97	2	47
804	2	47
805	2	47
893	2	47
102	2	47
102	2	47
103	2	47
106	2	47
113	2	47
952	2	47
958	2	47
233	2	47
253	2	47
1016	2	47
1061	2	47
1085	2	47
1086	2	47
1087	2	47
1182	2	47
1200	2	47
1210	2	47
1274	2	47
1274	2	47
1277	2	47
1277	2	47
1278	2	47
1278	2	47
1280	2	47
1280	2	47
1285	2	47
1287	2	47
1300	2	47
1301	2	47
1301	2	47
1302	2	47
1302	2	47
1304	2	47
1308	2	47
1313	2	47
1313	2	47
1313	2	47
1338	2	47
1344	2	47
1347	2	47
1380	2	47
1428	2	47
1444	2	47
1444	2	47
313	2	47
359	2	47
377	2	47
377	2	47
379	2	47
395	2	47
.I 48
.T
The Norms of Citation Behavior: Prolegomena to the Footnote
.A
Kaplan, Norman
.W
   The publication explosion has focused renewed attention on the lowly 
footnote.. While we are all at least partially aware of the technical functions
of the citation for both the writer and the reader of the scientific paper, 
little is known about the norms operating in actual practice.. Even less is 
known about the operating norms with respect to the more sociological functions,
including the acknowledgement of intellectual debts or the conferral of 
recognition upon the works of others.. This paper reviews the state of our 
knowledge, raises questions, and proposes suggestions and hypotheses for 
studying the relationships between footnoting practices among scientists and
the social system of science..
.X
439	2	48
440	2	48
456	2	48
456	2	48
456	2	48
503	2	48
513	2	48
533	2	48
533	2	48
545	2	48
545	2	48
560	2	48
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1313	2	48
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1369	2	48
1373	2	48
1386	2	48
1418	2	48
314	2	48
361	2	48
.I 49
.T
Adaptive Information Dissemination
.A
Sage, C.R.
.A
Anderson, R.R.
.A
Fitzwater, D.R.
.W
   Computer dissemination of information offers significant advantages over
manual dissemination because the computer can use strategies that are 
impractical and in some cases impossible for a human.. This paper describes
the Ames Laboratory Selective Dissemination of Information system with emphasis
on the effectiveness of user feedback.. The system will accept any document, 
abstract, keyword, etc., in a KWIC or Science Citation Index Source format..
User profiles consist of words or word clusters each with an initially 
assigned significance value.. These values are used in making the decision to
notify a user that he may be interested in a particular document.. According to
responses, the significance values are increased or decreased and quickly 
attain an equilibrium which accurately describes the user's interests.. The
system is economical compared to other existing SDI systems and human
intervention is negligible except for adding and deleting profile entries..
.X
421	2	49
421	2	49
465	2	49
465	2	49
465	2	49
466	2	49
480	2	49
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491	2	49
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510	2	49
512	2	49
591	2	49
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622	2	49
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639	2	49
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676	2	49
676	2	49
18	2	49
34	2	49
49	2	49
49	2	49
49	2	49
49	2	49
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732	2	49
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59	2	49
54	2	49
809	2	49
810	2	49
813	2	49
814	2	49
820	2	49
822	2	49
828	2	49
870	2	49
879	2	49
164	2	49
202	2	49
213	2	49
224	2	49
243	2	49
1091	2	49
1279	2	49
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1299	2	49
1363	2	49
1366	2	49
1367	2	49
1368	2	49
1396	2	49
.I 50
.T
Comparison of the Results of Bibliographic Coupling and 
Analytic Subject Indexing
.A
Kessler, M.M.
.W
  A detailed comparison of how 334 papers in Volume 112 of Physical Review form
related groups according to two criteria of relatedness.. The criteria are: (1)
the Analytic Subject Index as used by the editors of the Physical Review; and
(2) the method of Bibliographic Coupling.. The similarities and differences 
between the groups thus formed are illustrated and discussed..
.X
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473	2	50
473	2	50
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485	2	50
486	2	50
503	2	50
572	2	50
586	2	50
616	2	50
632	2	50
39	2	50
39	2	50
41	2	50
43	2	50
47	2	50
769	2	50
50	2	50
50	2	50
50	2	50
50	2	50
50	2	50
50	2	50
50	2	50
50	2	50
773	2	50
778	2	50
780	2	50
785	2	50
791	2	50
65	2	50
75	2	50
893	2	50
105	2	50
131	2	50
131	2	50
175	2	50
175	2	50
907	2	50
958	2	50
958	2	50
965	2	50
966	2	50
233	2	50
1123	2	50
1207	2	50
1207	2	50
1255	2	50
1277	2	50
1280	2	50
1283	2	50
1285	2	50
1285	2	50
1285	2	50
1287	2	50
1287	2	50
1341	2	50
1426	2	50
326	2	50
382	2	50
395	2	50
.I 51
.T
An Experiment in Automatic Indexing
.A
Damerau, Fred J.
.W
   This report describes a method of indexing documents which is based on the 
assumptions, (1) that a subset of the words in a document can be an effective 
index to that document, and (2) that this subject can be approximated by 
selecting those words from the document whose frequencies are statistically
unexpectedly high.. The results of the experiment are encouraging, although not
definitive because any index set chosen must be tested by using it for 
retrieval from a large collection..
.X
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486	2	51
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503	2	51
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633	2	51
644	2	51
659	2	51
660	2	51
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662	2	51
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664	2	51
26	2	51
715	2	51
754	2	51
51	2	51
51	2	51
51	2	51
51	2	51
51	2	51
790	2	51
61	2	51
69	2	51
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805	2	51
809	2	51
810	2	51
812	2	51
812	2	51
813	2	51
814	2	51
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824	2	51
824	2	51
825	2	51
894	2	51
114	2	51
144	2	51
168	2	51
175	2	51
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176	2	51
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176	2	51
1051	2	51
1294	2	51
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1327	2	51
1327	2	51
1419	2	51
1427	2	51
315	2	51
382	2	51
.I 52
.T
Comparative Indexing: Terms Supplied by Biomedical 
Authors and by Document Titles
.A
Schultz, Claire K.
.A
Schultz, Wallace L.
.A
Orr, Richard H.
.W
   The original aim of this study was to obtain objective data bearing on the 
much argued question of whether author indexing is "good".. Author indexing of
285 documents reporting biomedical research was scored by comparing the author-
supplied terms (author set) for each paper with a criterion set of terms that 
was  established by asking a group of 12 potential users to describe the same
document.. Terms in the document title (title set) were scored similarly.. The
average author set contained almost half of all the terms employed by more than 
one member of the user group and scored 73% of the maximal possible score, as 
compared with 44% for the average title set.. When judged by the method and 
criterion employed here, author indexing is substantially better than indexing 
derived from document titles.. The findings suggest that indicia supplied by an
author should serve scientists in biomedical disciplines other than his own 
about as well as they serve his disciplinary colleagues.. The general method
developed for measuring indexing quality may represent a practical yardstick of 
wide applicability..
.X
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455	2	52
510	2	52
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603	2	52
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73	2	52
81	2	52
81	2	52
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830	2	52
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150	2	52
1054	2	52
1144	2	52
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1195	2	52
1232	2	52
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1298	2	52
1421	2	52
.I 53
.T
The KWIC Index Concept: A Retrospective View
.A
Fischer, Marguerite
.W
   This paper defines and describes the KWIC (keyword in context) index concept,
providing a history of the concept and of its literature.. It discusses 
variations of the index, such as the Bell Telephone Index, KWOC indexes, and 
the WADEX..
   The paper discusses improvements and variations to the KWIC index, such as 
manipulation of the index line, variations of the code, addition of 
classification information, combination of author index and title index, and 
improvements to the preparation of the KWIC indexes, such as improvement of 
titles and use of a thesaurus, and discusses improvement of the use of the KWIC 
index.. The paper discusses the usage of the KWIC index and comments on the 
future of KWIC indexes of the KWIC concept..
.X
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680	2	53
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34	2	53
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34	2	53
34	2	53
49	2	53
711	2	53
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715	2	53
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728	2	53
730	2	53
731	2	53
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53	2	53
53	2	53
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53	2	53
53	2	53
59	2	53
809	2	53
810	2	53
813	2	53
814	2	53
820	2	53
822	2	53
828	2	53
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870	2	53
879	2	53
150	2	53
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175	2	53
202	2	53
213	2	53
224	2	53
243	2	53
252	2	53
1045	2	53
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1118	2	53
1195	2	53
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.I 54
.T
Simulation of Boolean Logic Constraints Through
the Use of Term Weights
.A
Brandhorst, W.T.
.W
The evolution described below of one aspect of the NASA
system and Technical Information Facility's machine search
system may be of general interest to the documentation
profession.
.X
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519	2	54
565	2	54
625	2	54
660	2	54
660	2	54
49	2	54
714	2	54
714	2	54
748	2	54
773	2	54
54	2	54
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150	2	54
1279	2	54
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1427	2	54
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.I 55
.T
Bradford's Law and the Keenan-Atherton Data
.A
Groos, O.V.
.W
Bradford's methods are applied to the Keenan-Atherton
data.  The results do not fit Bradford's Law.
.X
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592	2	55
614	2	55
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751	2	55
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893	2	55
210	2	55
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225	2	55
1016	2	55
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1285	2	55
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1338	2	55
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361	2	55
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.I 56
.T
Computer-Produced Micro-Library Catalog
.A
Kozumplik, W.A.
Lange, R.T.
.W
  The philosophy, production, and cost-effectiveness of
a computer-generated library catalog is described.
This catalog is unique in that it utilizes direct computer
to microfilm composition techniques, employing the
Stromberg Carlson 4020.  Cost, user acceptance, and
by-product capabilities are stressed.
 
.X
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1371	2	56
1371	2	56
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.I 57
.T
Distribution of Indexing Terms for Maximum Efficiency 
 of Information Transmission
.A
Zunde, Pranas
.A
Slamecka, Vladimir
.W
   A function was developed for the optimum distribution of indexing terms by 
the number of postings.. This makes it possible to transmit information with 
maximum efficiency.. The comparison of the actual distribution of the term 
groups with the calculated optimum distribution provides an objective measure 
for evaluating any indexing system with respect to its efficiency as 
information transmission channel..
.X
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449	2	57
450	2	57
458	2	57
511	2	57
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565	2	57
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830	2	57
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359	2	57
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390	2	57
390	2	57
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.I 58
.T
Relevance Disagreements and Unclear Request Forms
.A
O'Connor, John
.W
   Disagreements about the relevance of documents to retrieval requests occur
because relevance judges differently interpret requests of documents.. Requests
may be differently interpreted because they are unclear.. Well-known types of
request obscurity are reviewed.. Less well known is that a request may be 
unclear because its form - "documents about subject S", "document answering 
question Q", etc. - is unclear.. 
   Explications are developed of the meanings of the request forms just given 
and several others.. A request of any of the forms discussed is interpreted to 
be for documents which support statements of a specified kind in a specified 
way.. Examples are given which suggest that some, perhaps all, "about S" 
requests are unclear.. Some ways of formulating clear question requests are 
given..
   Various ways in which documents may support statements are distinguished..
These depend on on such factors as parts of a document use, inference strength,
and background knowledge permitted.. Some possible clear support specifications
are indicated..
.X
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445	2	58
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451	2	58
451	2	58
457	2	58
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486	2	58
532	2	58
578	2	58
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84	2	58
814	2	58
893	2	58
117	2	58
165	2	58
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967	2	58
274	2	58
274	2	58
1016	2	58
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1045	2	58
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1077	2	58
1084	2	58
1094	2	58
1195	2	58
1201	2	58
1231	2	58
1235	2	58
1281	2	58
1285	2	58
386	2	58
.I 59
.T
Opinion Paper
.A
Savage, T.R.
.W
   Although a large number of Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) 
Systems have been planned, implemented, and tested over the past few years, 
insufficient attention has been given to the collection and interpretation of 
important data needed for evaluation.. We describe some of the defects common 
to almost all of the reported systems, single out one recent report for 
detailed discussion and argue in favor of collection and correct interpretation 
of data on one important and frequently overlooked evaluation factor..
.X
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633	2	59
639	2	59
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676	2	59
18	2	59
34	2	59
49	2	59
711	2	59
717	2	59
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1281	2	59
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1410	2	59
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1426	2	59
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.I 60
.T
Information Science: What Is It?
.A
Borko, H.
.W
   In seeking a new sense of identity, we ask, in this article, the question: 
What is information science? What does the information science do? Tentative 
answers to these questions are given in the hope of simulating discussion that 
will help clarify the nature of our field and our work..
.X
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22	2	60
42	2	60
762	2	60
60	2	60
60	2	60
60	2	60
60	2	60
60	2	60
85	2	60
85	2	60
803	2	60
129	2	60
172	2	60
907	2	60
272	2	60
1022	2	60
1022	2	60
1045	2	60
1077	2	60
1268	2	60
1309	2	60
371	2	60
.I 61
.T
Expected Search Length: A Single Measure of Retrieval Effectiveness
 Based on the Work Ordering Action of Retrieval Systems
.A
Cooper, William S.
.W
   A measure of document retrieval system performance called the "expected 
search length reduction factor" is defined and compared with indicators, such 
as precision and recall, that have been suggested by other workers.. The new 
measure is based on calculations of the expected number of irrelevant documents
in the collection which would have to be searched through before the desired 
number of relevant documents could be found.. Its advantages are: (1) it 
provides  a single index of the property it attempts to measure; (2) it allows
for gradations of retrieval status, through the mathematical concept of a "weak 
ordering"; (3) it evaluates retrieval performance relative to random searching;
and (4) it takes into account the amount of relevant material desired by the 
requester..
.X
419	2	61
455	2	61
458	2	61
458	2	61
458	2	61
459	2	61
481	2	61
483	2	61
485	2	61
491	2	61
526	2	61
546	2	61
565	2	61
565	2	61
577	2	61
579	2	61
606	2	61
626	2	61
644	2	61
660	2	61
662	2	61
664	2	61
676	2	61
44	2	61
45	2	61
745	2	61
754	2	61
51	2	61
52	2	61
57	2	61
779	2	61
780	2	61
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61	2	61
62	2	61
67	2	61
67	2	61
70	2	61
71	2	61
72	2	61
73	2	61
73	2	61
814	2	61
826	2	61
114	2	61
135	2	61
144	2	61
149	2	61
175	2	61
175	2	61
175	2	61
176	2	61
907	2	61
981	2	61
982	2	61
206	2	61
207	2	61
208	2	61
274	2	61
1035	2	61
1154	2	61
1187	2	61
1255	2	61
1255	2	61
1255	2	61
1268	2	61
1286	2	61
1327	2	61
1358	2	61
1380	2	61
1402	2	61
1410	2	61
1416	2	61
1417	2	61
320	2	61
382	2	61
389	2	61
390	2	61
.I 62
.T
A Literature Search and File Organization Model
.A
Leimkuhler, Ferdinand F.
.W
   A principle of sequential optimization in search theory distributes the 
search effort at each stage so as to maximize the probability of target 
detection with the effort expended thus far.. As an application of this 
principle to the search of pertinent items in a literature file, the file items
should be arranged in decreasing order of the probability that an item will 
yield the information sought.. Complete ordering in this manner may not be
feasible, and it is proposed that the files be partially ordered in search 
zones with some loss in search efficiency.. A model for assessing the relative
efficiency for partial ordering is developed and used to determine optimal zone 
sizes under an assumed target distribution pattern.. In this way, trade-off
between file organization effort and search effort can be meaningfully 
evaluated.. A representative target distribution function for search literature 
appears to follow the Bradford law of scattering.. This function is used to 
demonstrate the application of the model over a meaningful range of parameters 
obtained from empirical studies.. It is shown that a good two-zone search plan
to scientific literature is one in which 15-20% of the most useful documents 
are examined first.. Only about one of three searches should have to go on to a 
search over the remainder of the file..
.X
409	2	62
435	2	62
458	2	62
462	2	62
483	2	62
484	2	62
567	2	62
604	2	62
658	2	62
24	2	62
44	2	62
716	2	62
737	2	62
748	2	62
751	2	62
765	2	62
765	2	62
778	2	62
778	2	62
778	2	62
779	2	62
782	2	62
788	2	62
789	2	62
61	2	62
62	2	62
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62	2	62
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62	2	62
62	2	62
62	2	62
65	2	62
66	2	62
67	2	62
67	2	62
75	2	62
76	2	62
837	2	62
853	2	62
875	2	62
883	2	62
893	2	62
137	2	62
172	2	62
175	2	62
175	2	62
907	2	62
925	2	62
210	2	62
278	2	62
279	2	62
280	2	62
1083	2	62
1085	2	62
1173	2	62
1184	2	62
1187	2	62
1187	2	62
1219	2	62
1268	2	62
1274	2	62
1361	2	62
1400	2	62
1404	2	62
1416	2	62
1417	2	62
1417	2	62
1418	2	62
1419	2	62
1426	2	62
310	2	62
316	2	62
318	2	62
359	2	62
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360	2	62
363	2	62
382	2	62
386	2	62
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.I 63
.T
The Publication Inflation
.A
London, Gertrude
.W
   The much-vaunted information explosion seems to be the manifestation of a 
rather generalized publication inflation.. Multipublication and pretentious
writing have become obstacles to "communication between human minds". To 
counteract their harmful effects it will be necessary to reduce the quantity 
and improve the quality of the printed records by filtering the material before 
it is stored for retrieval..
.X
481	2	63
482	2	63
487	2	63
502	2	63
579	2	63
596	2	63
600	2	63
601	2	63
37	2	63
37	2	63
717	2	63
718	2	63
719	2	63
59	2	63
799	2	63
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63	2	63
805	2	63
807	2	63
863	2	63
864	2	63
166	2	63
175	2	63
175	2	63
907	2	63
956	2	63
963	2	63
980	2	63
987	2	63
988	2	63
989	2	63
1030	2	63
1042	2	63
1051	2	63
1115	2	63
1152	2	63
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1294	2	63
1327	2	63
1330	2	63
1410	2	63
1415	2	63
1426	2	63
1446	2	63
1446	2	63
1447	2	63
348	2	63
355	2	63
389	2	63
390	2	63
.I 64
.T
A Computer-Based Serials Control System for a Large Biomedical Library
.A
Roper, Fred W.
.W
   Rather than reiterate the obvious purposes and procedures involved in 
creating a computer system for control of serials, in this paper the author
deals with the concept upon which the UCLA system is based and the manner in
which the system is maintained in day-to-day operations of the UCLA Biomedical
Library.. The paper deals with some of the points made in an earlier publication
from the UCLA serials project.. The attempt is to show how the theory of 
publication pattern (discussed in the earlier article) has been used to 
produce a different idea in computer control of serials.. Publication pattern 
information which is entered into the master record for each title causes
check-in cards for the next expected issue of each title to be generated by the
computer, regardless of when this text issue is expected - next week, next
month, next year.. This is departure from most systems, which attempt to 
predict a certain number of issues which should arrive during a given time 
period.. The information, which must be a part of the computer record, is 
described, as are library procedures in maintaining the system..
.X
717	2	64
781	2	64
783	2	64
64	2	64
64	2	64
64	2	64
64	2	64
64	2	64
64	2	64
834	2	64
835	2	64
848	2	64
849	2	64
850	2	64
851	2	64
852	2	64
175	2	64
922	2	64
925	2	64
979	2	64
981	2	64
982	2	64
200	2	64
200	2	64
245	2	64
1042	2	64
1051	2	64
1415	2	64
374	2	64
.I 65
.T
A Study of Searching the Eye Research Literature
.A
Miller, Russell R.
.W
   The paper is a report of most of the major findings of a study in searching
the periodical eye research literature.. Questions were collected from eye 
researchers and a selected group of these were searched in nine different 
secondary sources.. Articles thought to be relevant were Xeroxed and sent to 
the eye researchers who subsequently rated the articles.. Articles of eye
research interest are found in a wide variety of journals, but a small number
of journals carry a large proportion of the articles judged valuable by the eye
researchers.. Approximately a fourth of eye research articles are in foreign 
languages.. Translations are not readily available.. Despite a delay of more 
than 15 month between the original appearance of article in journals and the 
mailing of photocopies, about half of the articles of interest to the 
researchers were not known to them previously.. For extensive retrospective
searches more than one secondary service must be used.. Index Medicus and 
Excerpta Medica (Section 12) or Ophthalmic Literature would be good sources..
MEDLARS demand searches were not shown to be clearly superior to manual 
searches of Index Medicus.. Titles, abstracts, and full text were shown to be
equally effective in permitting searches to retrieve references that were
subsequently rated as relevant by the researchers.. A searcher with a background
in ophthalmology was able to retrieve more articles of research interest than 
other non-ophthalmologist searchers..
.X
4	2	65
495	2	65
580	2	65
586	2	65
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658	2	65
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24	2	65
43	2	65
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837	2	65
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925	2	65
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981	2	65
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278	2	65
279	2	65
280	2	65
1055	2	65
1083	2	65
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1361	2	65
1400	2	65
1404	2	65
382	2	65
386	2	65
395	2	65
398	2	65
.I 66
.T
Psychology and Information
.A
Miller, George A.
.W
   An aspect of the human use of information that has generally been overlooked 
in the automation in information services is the human tendency to locate 
information spatially.. Computer-based systems do not necessarily assign any 
unique role to spatial tags, and so a feature of considerable importance for 
the organization of the user's memory seems to have been largely overlooked..
The spatial dimension of human memory is discussed, and some suggestions are 
offered for exploiting it more effectively in the context of information 
retrieval services..
.X
451	2	66
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475	2	66
546	2	66
586	2	66
593	2	66
594	2	66
606	2	66
658	2	66
664	2	66
13	2	66
24	2	66
29	2	66
716	2	66
748	2	66
58	2	66
782	2	66
783	2	66
788	2	66
789	2	66
62	2	66
65	2	66
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66	2	66
66	2	66
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66	2	66
66	2	66
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76	2	66
837	2	66
837	2	66
839	2	66
137	2	66
152	2	66
197	2	66
907	2	66
925	2	66
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968	2	66
210	2	66
211	2	66
218	2	66
274	2	66
278	2	66
279	2	66
280	2	66
1035	2	66
1035	2	66
1083	2	66
1094	2	66
1213	2	66
1361	2	66
1400	2	66
1404	2	66
332	2	66
350	2	66
386	2	66
395	2	66
398	2	66
.I 67
.T
The Use of Simulation in Studying Information Storage and Retrieval Systems
.A
Baker, Norman R.
.A
Nance, Richard E.
.W
   Previous applications of simulation to information storage and retrieval 
systems (ISRS) have been overly restrictive in their scope and have failed to
consider the environment within which such systems operate.. This paper 
considers the ISRS as a subsystem within a larger system which includes the 
users and the funders of the retrieval system.. The three components form a 
closed-loop information feedback system in which user response influences both 
the funding and operation of the ISRS as it attempts to satisfy user needs 
within a finite budget allocation.. Reward-cost theory provides the basis for
describing user behavior.. An industrial dynamics model has been developed to 
simulate ISRS/user/funder behavior where a university departmental library is 
the ISRS component.. The results which such an analysis can produce are 
discussed..
.X
435	2	67
458	2	67
481	2	67
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485	2	67
584	2	67
27	2	67
39	2	67
779	2	67
780	2	67
61	2	67
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83	2	67
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175	2	67
981	2	67
982	2	67
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211	2	67
292	2	67
1184	2	67
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1358	2	67
1402	2	67
1410	2	67
1416	2	67
1417	2	67
1417	2	67
382	2	67
.I 68
.T
Retrieval of Answer-Providing Documents
.A
O'Connor, John
.W
   (I) Better understanding of subject document retrieval might result if 
different functions of subject document retrieval system are studied 
separately.. This paper is concerned with retrieval of documents, in response 
to a question, from which answers to that question can be inferred 
("answer-providing documents").. "Answer can be inferred from document" has 
many possible meanings, one of which must be selected (an "inference 
specification").. Inasmuch as scientists in a field disagree about the 
correctness of inferences, have somewhat different background knowledge, etc., 
any inference specification can only approximate scientific inference 
practices.. Two sources of systematic knowledge of document-statement inference 
practices in a scientific field are described.. (II) If a content word occurs 
in a question, then it occurs in any answer to that question (with some 
apparently tractable exceptions).. An indexing procedure based on that fact is
described which would permit retrieval of all answer-providing documents for a 
question.. However, because the indexing is "nonrelational", it could cause 
false retrievals as well.. Various ways of dealing with such false retrievals 
are   briefly indicated, and a study is sketched that would provide data for 
helping selection among them.. Two special point concerning indexing for 
retrieval of answer-providing documents are discussed separately..
.X
420	2	68
458	2	68
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477	2	68
478	2	68
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484	2	68
485	2	68
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175	2	68
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261	2	68
1118	2	68
1118	2	68
1124	2	68
1131	2	68
1175	2	68
1382	2	68
346	2	68
382	2	68
.I 69
.T
Statistical Generation of a Technical Vocabulary
.A
Stone, D. C.
.W
   The results of an experiment in the use of statistical techniques for 
extracting a technical vocabulary from document texts are presented and 
discussed..
.X
441	2	69
448	2	69
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477	2	69
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581	2	69
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662	2	69
680	2	69
29	2	69
704	2	69
715	2	69
754	2	69
51	2	69
51	2	69
780	2	69
781	2	69
790	2	69
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825	2	69
894	2	69
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175	2	69
175	2	69
176	2	69
261	2	69
1051	2	69
1118	2	69
1175	2	69
1282	2	69
1294	2	69
1294	2	69
1327	2	69
1419	2	69
1427	2	69
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.I 70
.T
On Understanding User Choices: Textual Correlates of Relevance Judgements
.A
Gifford, Carolyn
.A
Baumanis, George J.
.W
   An empirical investigation of the role of documents in relevance judgements
is reported.. Abstracts previously judged relevant, partially relevant, and 
nonrelevant to each of 61 questions were compared to see whether textual 
differences could be found which might reasonably account for the rating 
differences.. The results of this comparison were fairly clear-cut 
characterizations in each case of relevant and partially relevant abstracts.. 
These characterizations were found to be expressible largely as meaningful
co-occurrences of terms closely related to the question.. It is suggested that 
the textual bases of user choices may be more understandable than has been 
supposed..
.X
420	2	70
444	2	70
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447	2	70
449	2	70
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29	2	70
35	2	70
35	2	70
42	2	70
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43	2	70
762	2	70
764	2	70
52	2	70
58	2	70
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780	2	70
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981	2	70
982	2	70
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1358	2	70
1402	2	70
1410	2	70
1417	2	70
319	2	70
382	2	70
.I 71
.T
Word-Word Associations in Document Retrieval Systems
.A
Lesk, M. E.
.W
   The SMART automatic document retrieval system is used to study association 
procedures for automatic content analysis.. The effect of word frequency and 
other parameters on the association process is investigated through examination
of related pairs and through retrieval experiments.. Associated pairs of words
usually reflect localized word meanings, and true synonyms cannot readily be
found from first or second order relationships in our document collections.. 
There is little overlap between word relationships found through associations 
and those used in thesaurus construction, and the effects of word associations 
and a thesaurus in retrieval are independent.. The use of associations in 
retrieval experiments improves not only recall, by permitting new matches 
between requests and documents, but also precision, by reinforcing existing 
matches.. In our experiments, the precision effect is responsible for most of 
the improvement possible with associations.. A properly constructed thesaurus,
however, offers better performance than statistical association methods..
.X
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51	2	71
779	2	71
780	2	71
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814	2	71
817	2	71
824	2	71
825	2	71
838	2	71
853	2	71
894	2	71
135	2	71
153	2	71
154	2	71
156	2	71
168	2	71
175	2	71
175	2	71
175	2	71
176	2	71
176	2	71
925	2	71
981	2	71
982	2	71
984	2	71
206	2	71
207	2	71
208	2	71
211	2	71
212	2	71
212	2	71
245	2	71
247	2	71
277	2	71
279	2	71
280	2	71
1051	2	71
1294	2	71
1327	2	71
1358	2	71
1393	2	71
1402	2	71
1410	2	71
1417	2	71
1419	2	71
1427	2	71
1431	2	71
315	2	71
382	2	71
382	2	71
389	2	71
390	2	71
.I 72
.T
A Comparison Between Manual and Automatic Indexing Methods
.A
Salton, Gerard
.W
   The effectiveness of conventional document indexing is compared with that 
achievable by fully automatic text processing methods.. Evaluation results are
given for a comparison between the MEDLARS search system used at the National 
Library of Medicine and the experimental SMART system, and conclusions are 
reached concerning the design of future automatic information systems..
.X
458	2	72
481	2	72
483	2	72
485	2	72
486	2	72
554	2	72
558	2	72
564	2	72
565	2	72
565	2	72
572	2	72
608	2	72
628	2	72
633	2	72
643	2	72
659	2	72
661	2	72
663	2	72
28	2	72
42	2	72
714	2	72
720	2	72
748	2	72
762	2	72
779	2	72
780	2	72
785	2	72
786	2	72
787	2	72
788	2	72
789	2	72
791	2	72
795	2	72
795	2	72
61	2	72
67	2	72
70	2	72
70	2	72
71	2	72
71	2	72
72	2	72
72	2	72
72	2	72
72	2	72
72	2	72
72	2	72
72	2	72
72	2	72
72	2	72
72	2	72
74	2	72
75	2	72
75	2	72
77	2	72
78	2	72
79	2	72
79	2	72
73	2	72
73	2	72
73	2	72
81	2	72
82	2	72
83	2	72
86	2	72
814	2	72
824	2	72
135	2	72
149	2	72
153	2	72
156	2	72
160	2	72
175	2	72
901	2	72
925	2	72
956	2	72
961	2	72
981	2	72
982	2	72
984	2	72
206	2	72
207	2	72
208	2	72
211	2	72
212	2	72
245	2	72
277	2	72
279	2	72
280	2	72
1202	2	72
1218	2	72
1294	2	72
1294	2	72
1358	2	72
1402	2	72
1410	2	72
1417	2	72
319	2	72
382	2	72
382	2	72
.I 73
.T
Effectiveness of Information Retrieval Methods
.A
Swets, John
.W
   Results of some 50 different retrieval methods applied in three experimental 
retrieval systems were subjected to the analysis suggested by statistical 
decision theory.. The analysis validates a previously-proposed measure of
effectiveness and demonstrates its several desirable properties.. The 
examination of a wide range of data in relation to this one metric provides a 
clear and general assessment of the current state of the retrieval art..
.X
420	2	73
445	2	73
449	2	73
458	2	73
458	2	73
474	2	73
481	2	73
483	2	73
485	2	73
486	2	73
509	2	73
519	2	73
519	2	73
519	2	73
565	2	73
566	2	73
574	2	73
577	2	73
578	2	73
582	2	73
587	2	73
589	2	73
594	2	73
595	2	73
625	2	73
625	2	73
634	2	73
643	2	73
644	2	73
649	2	73
649	2	73
652	2	73
655	2	73
656	2	73
657	2	73
660	2	73
660	2	73
35	2	73
42	2	73
43	2	73
45	2	73
720	2	73
748	2	73
752	2	73
752	2	73
752	2	73
754	2	73
764	2	73
52	2	73
52	2	73
57	2	73
54	2	73
779	2	73
780	2	73
780	2	73
780	2	73
780	2	73
780	2	73
780	2	73
780	2	73
780	2	73
785	2	73
785	2	73
785	2	73
785	2	73
785	2	73
785	2	73
786	2	73
787	2	73
788	2	73
789	2	73
791	2	73
61	2	73
61	2	73
67	2	73
70	2	73
70	2	73
70	2	73
71	2	73
71	2	73
72	2	73
72	2	73
72	2	73
74	2	73
75	2	73
77	2	73
78	2	73
79	2	73
73	2	73
73	2	73
73	2	73
73	2	73
73	2	73
73	2	73
73	2	73
73	2	73
73	2	73
73	2	73
73	2	73
73	2	73
73	2	73
73	2	73
73	2	73
73	2	73
73	2	73
81	2	73
81	2	73
81	2	73
82	2	73
82	2	73
83	2	73
86	2	73
95	2	73
810	2	73
812	2	73
812	2	73
824	2	73
829	2	73
829	2	73
829	2	73
830	2	73
895	2	73
895	2	73
895	2	73
134	2	73
134	2	73
135	2	73
146	2	73
153	2	73
156	2	73
175	2	73
175	2	73
175	2	73
176	2	73
925	2	73
981	2	73
982	2	73
984	2	73
206	2	73
207	2	73
208	2	73
211	2	73
212	2	73
228	2	73
229	2	73
245	2	73
274	2	73
277	2	73
279	2	73
280	2	73
1054	2	73
1091	2	73
1154	2	73
1232	2	73
1255	2	73
1255	2	73
1279	2	73
1281	2	73
1282	2	73
1282	2	73
1295	2	73
1297	2	73
1298	2	73
1307	2	73
1307	2	73
1307	2	73
1307	2	73
1307	2	73
1307	2	73
1358	2	73
1402	2	73
1410	2	73
1417	2	73
1422	2	73
1427	2	73
1448	2	73
319	2	73
319	2	73
381	2	73
382	2	73
382	2	73
390	2	73
390	2	73
.I 74
.T
Managerial Cost Accounting for a Technical Information Center
.A
Helmkamp, John G.
.W
   The purpose of this paper is to describe a research project conducted at a 
technical center to test the hypothesis that: A theoretically-sound managerial 
cost-accounting system can be designed to meet the specific characteristics of 
a technical information center by revising and innovating systems utilized by 
other enterprises.. A computerized cost system was developed and operated for
a three-month period to test this hypothesis.. The results of the study 
indicate that effective managerial cost accounting is possible for a technical
information center.. Relevant cost information was generated periodically to 
measure the operating performance of the center's production process.. A 
summary of the data that were reported regularly to management is presented 
in this paper..
.X
408	2	74
486	2	74
490	2	74
490	2	74
491	2	74
492	2	74
495	2	74
496	2	74
496	2	74
497	2	74
584	2	74
584	2	74
584	2	74
591	2	74
591	2	74
591	2	74
592	2	74
606	2	74
684	2	74
24	2	74
27	2	74
720	2	74
723	2	74
724	2	74
748	2	74
785	2	74
786	2	74
787	2	74
788	2	74
789	2	74
791	2	74
71	2	74
72	2	74
74	2	74
74	2	74
74	2	74
74	2	74
74	2	74
74	2	74
74	2	74
74	2	74
75	2	74
75	2	74
77	2	74
78	2	74
79	2	74
73	2	74
81	2	74
82	2	74
83	2	74
83	2	74
83	2	74
83	2	74
83	2	74
86	2	74
834	2	74
841	2	74
860	2	74
119	2	74
122	2	74
153	2	74
156	2	74
158	2	74
925	2	74
925	2	74
955	2	74
957	2	74
976	2	74
984	2	74
211	2	74
212	2	74
245	2	74
245	2	74
273	2	74
277	2	74
279	2	74
279	2	74
279	2	74
280	2	74
288	2	74
1011	2	74
1148	2	74
1227	2	74
1317	2	74
1353	2	74
1359	2	74
1359	2	74
1360	2	74
1360	2	74
1400	2	74
1410	2	74
1424	2	74
1451	2	74
331	2	74
336	2	74
381	2	74
.I 75
.T
MEDLARS: Report on the Evaluation of Its Operating Efficiency
.A
Lancaster, F.W.
.W
   A comprehensive program to evaluate the performance of MEDLARS was conducted
by the National Library of Medicine in 1966 and 1967.. This report describes 
the methodology used and presents a summary of the principal results, 
conclusions, and recommendations..
.X
419	2	75
441	2	75
474	2	75
486	2	75
486	2	75
495	2	75
514	2	75
523	2	75
531	2	75
547	2	75
554	2	75
565	2	75
565	2	75
572	2	75
575	2	75
577	2	75
581	2	75
586	2	75
586	2	75
594	2	75
595	2	75
596	2	75
606	2	75
608	2	75
608	2	75
609	2	75
619	2	75
636	2	75
644	2	75
649	2	75
658	2	75
660	2	75
660	2	75
666	2	75
684	2	75
697	2	75
24	2	75
24	2	75
24	2	75
30	2	75
38	2	75
43	2	75
47	2	75
716	2	75
720	2	75
720	2	75
726	2	75
726	2	75
748	2	75
748	2	75
752	2	75
762	2	75
52	2	75
57	2	75
50	2	75
778	2	75
779	2	75
780	2	75
781	2	75
782	2	75
785	2	75
786	2	75
787	2	75
788	2	75
788	2	75
789	2	75
789	2	75
790	2	75
791	2	75
791	2	75
799	2	75
62	2	75
65	2	75
65	2	75
65	2	75
66	2	75
66	2	75
70	2	75
71	2	75
71	2	75
72	2	75
72	2	75
74	2	75
74	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
75	2	75
76	2	75
76	2	75
77	2	75
77	2	75
78	2	75
78	2	75
78	2	75
79	2	75
79	2	75
79	2	75
73	2	75
80	2	75
80	2	75
81	2	75
81	2	75
81	2	75
82	2	75
82	2	75
82	2	75
83	2	75
83	2	75
86	2	75
806	2	75
810	2	75
812	2	75
812	2	75
813	2	75
814	2	75
824	2	75
837	2	75
838	2	75
838	2	75
852	2	75
853	2	75
853	2	75
854	2	75
855	2	75
870	2	75
894	2	75
119	2	75
122	2	75
137	2	75
149	2	75
149	2	75
153	2	75
154	2	75
154	2	75
156	2	75
156	2	75
176	2	75
177	2	75
925	2	75
925	2	75
928	2	75
955	2	75
956	2	75
956	2	75
958	2	75
961	2	75
963	2	75
984	2	75
984	2	75
990	2	75
991	2	75
210	2	75
211	2	75
211	2	75
212	2	75
212	2	75
213	2	75
214	2	75
245	2	75
247	2	75
277	2	75
278	2	75
279	2	75
279	2	75
280	2	75
280	2	75
281	2	75
1011	2	75
1011	2	75
1035	2	75
1055	2	75
1074	2	75
1075	2	75
1083	2	75
1083	2	75
1086	2	75
1112	2	75
1213	2	75
1255	2	75
1282	2	75
1294	2	75
1294	2	75
1294	2	75
1295	2	75
1297	2	75
1303	2	75
1361	2	75
1391	2	75
1393	2	75
1400	2	75
1402	2	75
1404	2	75
1413	2	75
1429	2	75
1430	2	75
1431	2	75
1445	2	75
1451	2	75
309	2	75
315	2	75
329	2	75
336	2	75
336	2	75
382	2	75
382	2	75
382	2	75
386	2	75
395	2	75
398	2	75
.I 76
.T
Biomedical Literature: Analysis of Journal Articles 
  Collected by a Radiation- and Cell-Biologist
.A
Leith, John D. Jr.
.W
   The author's journal reference cards for 1965 and 1966 were analyzed 
according to three "interest patterns": (I) the total collection of 1469 
article titles, a "potentially useful" set; (II) a subset concerning only his
research speciality; and (III) a subset of articles defined as "useful". For
each pattern, journals were ranked by frequency of use and a scatter diagram 
was drawn..
   Patterns I and II largely resembled patterns obtained by counting citations
in basic journals or by counting publications of selected researchers.. Pattern 
III was more widely scattered..  It is concluded that access to diverse 
journals is needed by researchers to supply new ideas, and that this diversity 
of reading is not reflected adequately by citation counting or other indirect 
means..
   Current Contents, used by the author for current-awareness purposes in 
building his card file, generated 88% of all articles.. Scatter diagrams 
indicated the decreased scatter predicted from its use..
   The 30% most important journals in this collection, including about 80% of
titles, are ranked for each pattern..
.X
2	2	76
416	2	76
465	2	76
466	2	76
475	2	76
495	2	76
552	2	76
552	2	76
582	2	76
584	2	76
589	2	76
655	2	76
658	2	76
13	2	76
24	2	76
44	2	76
716	2	76
720	2	76
735	2	76
748	2	76
748	2	76
759	2	76
760	2	76
765	2	76
766	2	76
57	2	76
774	2	76
775	2	76
778	2	76
779	2	76
782	2	76
784	2	76
787	2	76
788	2	76
788	2	76
789	2	76
789	2	76
790	2	76
62	2	76
65	2	76
65	2	76
66	2	76
75	2	76
75	2	76
76	2	76
76	2	76
76	2	76
76	2	76
76	2	76
76	2	76
76	2	76
76	2	76
81	2	76
89	2	76
95	2	76
808	2	76
828	2	76
837	2	76
893	2	76
104	2	76
110	2	76
121	2	76
132	2	76
137	2	76
137	2	76
139	2	76
152	2	76
155	2	76
156	2	76
161	2	76
183	2	76
183	2	76
184	2	76
193	2	76
195	2	76
198	2	76
914	2	76
925	2	76
977	2	76
201	2	76
203	2	76
204	2	76
204	2	76
210	2	76
210	2	76
213	2	76
213	2	76
214	2	76
278	2	76
279	2	76
280	2	76
1055	2	76
1055	2	76
1055	2	76
1056	2	76
1081	2	76
1083	2	76
1083	2	76
1083	2	76
1086	2	76
1082	2	76
1098	2	76
1123	2	76
1172	2	76
1201	2	76
1287	2	76
1295	2	76
1297	2	76
1297	2	76
1300	2	76
1361	2	76
1362	2	76
1363	2	76
1397	2	76
1400	2	76
1404	2	76
1432	2	76
1451	2	76
359	2	76
382	2	76
386	2	76
395	2	76
398	2	76
.I 77
.T
The Effectiveness of Automatically Generated Weights and 
 Links in Mechanical Indexing
.A
Artandi, Susan
.A
Wolf, Edward H.
.W
   Work concerned with the statistical evaluation of the output of the MEDICO 
automatic indexing method is described.. The statistical test were designed
primarily to examine the validity of the assumptions which formed the basis of 
the algorithms developed for the automatic computation of weights and for the 
automatic generation of links between index terms and modifiers.. This 
evaluation also includes a comparison of the output generated from full text 
and from the processing of the abstracts or summaries of the same articles..
.X
420	2	77
448	2	77
448	2	77
458	2	77
480	2	77
483	2	77
483	2	77
484	2	77
486	2	77
486	2	77
488	2	77
488	2	77
489	2	77
491	2	77
493	2	77
493	2	77
499	2	77
498	2	77
498	2	77
501	2	77
503	2	77
507	2	77
509	2	77
510	2	77
512	2	77
517	2	77
520	2	77
522	2	77
527	2	77
528	2	77
531	2	77
565	2	77
565	2	77
565	2	77
566	2	77
570	2	77
581	2	77
581	2	77
581	2	77
595	2	77
596	2	77
603	2	77
608	2	77
633	2	77
659	2	77
659	2	77
659	2	77
666	2	77
30	2	77
715	2	77
720	2	77
748	2	77
754	2	77
51	2	77
57	2	77
785	2	77
786	2	77
787	2	77
788	2	77
789	2	77
790	2	77
790	2	77
790	2	77
791	2	77
68	2	77
69	2	77
71	2	77
71	2	77
71	2	77
72	2	77
74	2	77
75	2	77
75	2	77
77	2	77
77	2	77
77	2	77
77	2	77
77	2	77
77	2	77
77	2	77
77	2	77
78	2	77
78	2	77
78	2	77
78	2	77
79	2	77
79	2	77
79	2	77
79	2	77
79	2	77
79	2	77
73	2	77
80	2	77
81	2	77
81	2	77
82	2	77
82	2	77
83	2	77
83	2	77
86	2	77
805	2	77
809	2	77
810	2	77
810	2	77
812	2	77
813	2	77
814	2	77
817	2	77
824	2	77
825	2	77
838	2	77
853	2	77
894	2	77
894	2	77
153	2	77
154	2	77
156	2	77
168	2	77
168	2	77
175	2	77
175	2	77
175	2	77
175	2	77
176	2	77
176	2	77
925	2	77
984	2	77
211	2	77
212	2	77
212	2	77
245	2	77
247	2	77
277	2	77
279	2	77
280	2	77
1051	2	77
1118	2	77
1124	2	77
1131	2	77
1144	2	77
1294	2	77
1294	2	77
1294	2	77
1327	2	77
1382	2	77
1393	2	77
1419	2	77
1427	2	77
1431	2	77
1443	2	77
315	2	77
317	2	77
320	2	77
382	2	77
.I 78
.T
On-Line Access to Information: NSF as an Aid to the Indexer/Cataloger
.A
Bennet, John L.
.W
   When adding a document to a collection, an indexer should choose a 
representation which makes evident both the content of the document and its 
relation to other documents already in the collection.. Toward this end, the 
Negotiated Search Facility (NSF) makes possible indexer-controlled retrieval of 
information from a collection data base using tools beyond those available in a
traditional bibliographic catalog.. The design philosophy of NSF is to offer a 
framework to guide the indexer while allowing him freedom to retrieve any data 
which he judges will help him make indexing decisions.. An example which 
indicates how an indexer might use the facility also shows how the display
formats and command language promote interaction.. While the discussion is 
directed toward indexing, it should be clear that the facility would be equally
useful to the searcher..
.X
420	2	78
483	2	78
486	2	78
498	2	78
501	2	78
562	2	78
581	2	78
593	2	78
595	2	78
666	2	78
24	2	78
26	2	78
30	2	78
720	2	78
748	2	78
785	2	78
786	2	78
787	2	78
788	2	78
789	2	78
790	2	78
791	2	78
68	2	78
71	2	78
71	2	78
72	2	78
74	2	78
75	2	78
75	2	78
75	2	78
77	2	78
77	2	78
77	2	78
77	2	78
78	2	78
78	2	78
78	2	78
78	2	78
78	2	78
78	2	78
78	2	78
78	2	78
78	2	78
78	2	78
79	2	78
79	2	78
79	2	78
73	2	78
80	2	78
80	2	78
81	2	78
81	2	78
81	2	78
82	2	78
82	2	78
82	2	78
83	2	78
83	2	78
86	2	78
838	2	78
852	2	78
853	2	78
853	2	78
854	2	78
855	2	78
153	2	78
154	2	78
156	2	78
175	2	78
175	2	78
177	2	78
180	2	78
925	2	78
984	2	78
984	2	78
211	2	78
212	2	78
212	2	78
245	2	78
247	2	78
277	2	78
279	2	78
280	2	78
281	2	78
1011	2	78
1118	2	78
1124	2	78
1131	2	78
1144	2	78
1294	2	78
1326	2	78
1382	2	78
1393	2	78
1431	2	78
336	2	78
.I 79
.T
Computer Selection of Keywords Using Word-Frequency Analysis
.A
Carroll, John M.
.A
Roeloffs, Robert
.W
   A statistically based method for automatically identifying keywords in 
machine-readable text has been developed which produces keyword lists that 
agree better with composite lists produced by panels of human indexers than do 
lists produced by five statistical criteria previously suggested, and also 
better than lists produced by most of the individual panel members.. The method
makes use of both the in-document word-occurrence frequency and the in-corpus
relative occurrence frequency as measures of word importance.. Each statistical
criterion was compared with the performance of human indexers by the use of rank
correlation statistics.. The simple word count was found to be superior to the
other four previously suggested criteria - all of which made use of the 
in-corpus relative occurrence frequency.. The test were conducted over 19
documents dealing with the subject of Information Science, a total of over 
66,000 word occurrences.. Seventeen indexers representing eight different 
information centers participated in experiments..
.X
419	2	79
420	2	79
441	2	79
441	2	79
441	2	79
448	2	79
448	2	79
480	2	79
483	2	79
484	2	79
486	2	79
486	2	79
488	2	79
488	2	79
489	2	79
491	2	79
493	2	79
493	2	79
499	2	79
498	2	79
503	2	79
507	2	79
509	2	79
510	2	79
512	2	79
517	2	79
520	2	79
522	2	79
527	2	79
528	2	79
531	2	79
531	2	79
564	2	79
565	2	79
565	2	79
565	2	79
566	2	79
570	2	79
575	2	79
577	2	79
581	2	79
581	2	79
581	2	79
595	2	79
596	2	79
603	2	79
608	2	79
608	2	79
633	2	79
644	2	79
649	2	79
659	2	79
659	2	79
659	2	79
660	2	79
660	2	79
661	2	79
663	2	79
666	2	79
28	2	79
30	2	79
42	2	79
714	2	79
715	2	79
720	2	79
748	2	79
752	2	79
754	2	79
51	2	79
51	2	79
780	2	79
785	2	79
786	2	79
787	2	79
788	2	79
789	2	79
790	2	79
790	2	79
790	2	79
791	2	79
68	2	79
69	2	79
69	2	79
71	2	79
71	2	79
71	2	79
72	2	79
72	2	79
74	2	79
75	2	79
75	2	79
75	2	79
77	2	79
77	2	79
77	2	79
77	2	79
77	2	79
77	2	79
78	2	79
78	2	79
78	2	79
79	2	79
79	2	79
79	2	79
79	2	79
79	2	79
79	2	79
79	2	79
79	2	79
79	2	79
79	2	79
79	2	79
79	2	79
73	2	79
80	2	79
81	2	79
81	2	79
82	2	79
82	2	79
83	2	79
83	2	79
86	2	79
805	2	79
809	2	79
810	2	79
810	2	79
812	2	79
812	2	79
813	2	79
814	2	79
817	2	79
824	2	79
824	2	79
825	2	79
825	2	79
838	2	79
853	2	79
894	2	79
894	2	79
153	2	79
154	2	79
156	2	79
168	2	79
168	2	79
175	2	79
175	2	79
176	2	79
925	2	79
956	2	79
966	2	79
984	2	79
997	2	79
211	2	79
212	2	79
212	2	79
226	2	79
245	2	79
247	2	79
277	2	79
279	2	79
280	2	79
1051	2	79
1118	2	79
1124	2	79
1131	2	79
1216	2	79
1266	2	79
1282	2	79
1294	2	79
1294	2	79
1294	2	79
1294	2	79
1294	2	79
1327	2	79
1382	2	79
1393	2	79
1395	2	79
1419	2	79
1421	2	79
1427	2	79
1431	2	79
1443	2	79
315	2	79
315	2	79
315	2	79
317	2	79
320	2	79
324	2	79
361	2	79
382	2	79
382	2	79
.I 80
.T
A Graphic Catalog Card Index
.A
Lewis, Elizabeth M.
.W
   To improve accessibility and maintenance of art slides in the United States
Military Academy Library at West Point, a model card with a graphic image of 
the slide was designed with pertinent identifying information displayed 
directly above a black-and-white opaque photo and also key-punched into it.. 
The card serves for ample comparison reference previous to handling the slides
and can produce a subject-arranged permuted index in book form.. The later 
permits access from the approach of form, geographic area, name, time of 
origin, artist, school, or style, etc.. Some added advantages, common to other 
kinds of graphic collections, are detailed.. Estimated costs of 
photo-reproduction of original cards, various kinds of copies, and computer 
time and materials are listed.. Future benefits from a consistent, unified 
cataloging system for graphic objects and the dissemination of this kind of 
information in a network structure are indicated as major goals..
.X
581	2	80
666	2	80
24	2	80
30	2	80
71	2	80
75	2	80
75	2	80
77	2	80
78	2	80
78	2	80
79	2	80
80	2	80
80	2	80
80	2	80
80	2	80
80	2	80
81	2	80
82	2	80
83	2	80
838	2	80
852	2	80
853	2	80
853	2	80
854	2	80
855	2	80
154	2	80
177	2	80
984	2	80
212	2	80
247	2	80
281	2	80
1011	2	80
1393	2	80
1431	2	80
336	2	80
.I 81
.T
Indexing Consistency and Quality
.A
Zunde, Pranas
.A
Dexter, Margaret E.
.W
   A measure of indexing consistency is developed based on the concept of 
"fuzzy-sets".. It assigns a higher consistency value if indexers agree on the 
more important terms.. Measures of the quality of an indexer's work and 
exhaustivity of indexing are also proposed.. Experimental data on indexing 
consistency is presented for certain categories of indexers; and consistency,
quality, and exhaustivity values are compared and analyzed.. The analysis of 
indexing exhaustivity leads to the conclusion that the increase of information
as a result of group indexing is a process analogous to Bradford's law of
information scattering, Lotka's law of scientific productivity, and Zipf's law
of vocabulary distribution..
.X
416	2	81
420	2	81
486	2	81
578	2	81
581	2	81
582	2	81
589	2	81
594	2	81
595	2	81
655	2	81
656	2	81
657	2	81
666	2	81
30	2	81
35	2	81
42	2	81
43	2	81
44	2	81
45	2	81
720	2	81
748	2	81
748	2	81
759	2	81
765	2	81
52	2	81
52	2	81
57	2	81
778	2	81
781	2	81
785	2	81
786	2	81
786	2	81
787	2	81
787	2	81
788	2	81
789	2	81
791	2	81
799	2	81
70	2	81
71	2	81
71	2	81
72	2	81
74	2	81
75	2	81
75	2	81
75	2	81
76	2	81
77	2	81
77	2	81
78	2	81
78	2	81
78	2	81
79	2	81
79	2	81
73	2	81
73	2	81
73	2	81
80	2	81
81	2	81
81	2	81
81	2	81
81	2	81
81	2	81
81	2	81
81	2	81
81	2	81
82	2	81
82	2	81
82	2	81
82	2	81
82	2	81
83	2	81
83	2	81
86	2	81
95	2	81
838	2	81
840	2	81
853	2	81
893	2	81
153	2	81
154	2	81
156	2	81
175	2	81
925	2	81
925	2	81
984	2	81
211	2	81
212	2	81
212	2	81
245	2	81
247	2	81
277	2	81
279	2	81
280	2	81
1054	2	81
1081	2	81
1083	2	81
1082	2	81
1154	2	81
1201	2	81
1232	2	81
1281	2	81
1294	2	81
1295	2	81
1298	2	81
1393	2	81
1401	2	81
1417	2	81
1431	2	81
359	2	81
.I 82
.T
Is Interindexer Consistency A Hobgoblin?
.A
Cooper, William S.
.W
   It is often assumed that the amount of interindexer consistency experienced 
under a given method of indexing is somehow indicative of the quality of the 
indexing.. To explore this assumption, two hypotheses are stated concerning the 
possible connection between interindexer consistency and indexing quality.. A
specific counter-example is then exhibited which shows both hypotheses to be
invalid.. Although a mathematical analysis of the counterexample yields certain
insights, the general relationship between interindexer consistency and 
successful retrieval is more subtle than might have been expected.. It is
concluded that until equations describing this relationship have been derived, 
measurements of inter-indexer consistency will have little meaning as clues to
indexing quality..
.X
486	2	82
581	2	82
653	2	82
666	2	82
30	2	82
45	2	82
720	2	82
748	2	82
52	2	82
781	2	82
785	2	82
786	2	82
787	2	82
788	2	82
789	2	82
791	2	82
799	2	82
71	2	82
71	2	82
72	2	82
74	2	82
75	2	82
75	2	82
75	2	82
77	2	82
77	2	82
78	2	82
78	2	82
78	2	82
79	2	82
79	2	82
73	2	82
73	2	82
80	2	82
81	2	82
81	2	82
81	2	82
81	2	82
81	2	82
82	2	82
82	2	82
82	2	82
82	2	82
82	2	82
82	2	82
83	2	82
83	2	82
86	2	82
838	2	82
853	2	82
153	2	82
154	2	82
156	2	82
175	2	82
925	2	82
984	2	82
211	2	82
212	2	82
212	2	82
245	2	82
247	2	82
277	2	82
279	2	82
280	2	82
1294	2	82
1393	2	82
1431	2	82
.I 83
.T
The Cost Analysis of Document Surrogation:  A Literature Review
.A
Landau, Herbert B.
.W
   A state-of-the art literature review on the cost of classification, 
cataloging, indexing, and abstracting has been included.. It was found that
while some data on specific costs are available, the literature is generally
found lacking from the point of view of accuracy, completeness, consistency,
and availability..
.X
408	2	83
486	2	83
490	2	83
490	2	83
491	2	83
492	2	83
495	2	83
496	2	83
496	2	83
497	2	83
581	2	83
584	2	83
584	2	83
584	2	83
584	2	83
591	2	83
591	2	83
592	2	83
666	2	83
27	2	83
30	2	83
39	2	83
717	2	83
720	2	83
723	2	83
724	2	83
748	2	83
785	2	83
786	2	83
787	2	83
788	2	83
789	2	83
791	2	83
792	2	83
67	2	83
71	2	83
71	2	83
72	2	83
74	2	83
74	2	83
74	2	83
74	2	83
74	2	83
75	2	83
75	2	83
77	2	83
77	2	83
78	2	83
78	2	83
79	2	83
79	2	83
73	2	83
80	2	83
81	2	83
81	2	83
82	2	83
82	2	83
83	2	83
83	2	83
83	2	83
83	2	83
83	2	83
83	2	83
83	2	83
83	2	83
83	2	83
83	2	83
86	2	83
834	2	83
838	2	83
841	2	83
842	2	83
853	2	83
860	2	83
120	2	83
153	2	83
153	2	83
154	2	83
156	2	83
158	2	83
925	2	83
925	2	83
957	2	83
976	2	83
984	2	83
211	2	83
212	2	83
212	2	83
245	2	83
245	2	83
245	2	83
247	2	83
273	2	83
277	2	83
279	2	83
279	2	83
279	2	83
280	2	83
288	2	83
292	2	83
1148	2	83
1151	2	83
1187	2	83
1227	2	83
1317	2	83
1317	2	83
1353	2	83
1359	2	83
1359	2	83
1360	2	83
1360	2	83
1393	2	83
1400	2	83
1410	2	83
1424	2	83
1431	2	83
331	2	83
369	2	83
381	2	83
382	2	83
.I 84
.T
Some Independent Agreements and Resolved Disagreements 
   About Answer-Providing Documents
.A
O'Connor, John
.W
   Eighty-two documents and 30 questions, in documentation and related areas, 
was compared to find answer-providing documents (documents from which answers to 
questions can be inferred).. Two judges (documentation experts) made 
comparisons independently.. They discussed their disagreements, attempting to
resolve them.. In each case the positive judge was first asked to indicate what
answer he inferred, and from what document passage(s).. The further discussion
depended on the details of each case.. In general, the resolution procedures 
used will resolve a disagreement about whether a document is answer-providing
or reduce it to a familiar kind of scientific disagreement (about a passage's
meaning, a statement's correctness, or an inference's correctness).. This seems
better than treating relevance judgements as subjective and not open to 
rational discussion..
.X
444	2	84
445	2	84
447	2	84
449	2	84
474	2	84
486	2	84
488	2	84
489	2	84
490	2	84
491	2	84
492	2	84
495	2	84
496	2	84
497	2	84
493	2	84
499	2	84
494	2	84
500	2	84
532	2	84
571	2	84
581	2	84
583	2	84
584	2	84
586	2	84
625	2	84
659	2	84
660	2	84
29	2	84
35	2	84
38	2	84
42	2	84
43	2	84
762	2	84
764	2	84
58	2	84
58	2	84
58	2	84
795	2	84
68	2	84
68	2	84
68	2	84
70	2	84
84	2	84
84	2	84
84	2	84
84	2	84
84	2	84
801	2	84
893	2	84
175	2	84
986	2	84
1016	2	84
1030	2	84
1045	2	84
1084	2	84
1195	2	84
1201	2	84
1235	2	84
1281	2	84
1285	2	84
1294	2	84
.I 85
.T
Information Science: Toward the Development of a True Scientific Discipline
.A
Yovits, M. C.
.W
   It is pointed out that if information science is to be considered a "true" 
science similar to physics or chemistry then it must have a set of concepts and
analytical expression which apply to the flow of information in a general way..
In several previous papers, the author and a colleague have described a model 
of a generalized information system which has  wide, and perhaps universal 
applicability.. This paper elaborates on this model and indicates the range of 
its applicability.. Several fundamental quantities are defined specifically in 
a way which allows for quantification.. It is pointed out in this paper that 
this model can be the basis for the development of a "true" science of 
information with all of the necessary requirements for a science.. By the use 
of this model and the definition of a "true" science, the goals and requirements 
for a curriculum in information science are thus established.. Within this 
context, information is defined as data of value in decision making.. 
Quantitative measures of information can be obtained by relating information to 
specific observable actions which can be measured physically..
.X
457	2	85
469	2	85
574	2	85
585	2	85
585	2	85
599	2	85
640	2	85
652	2	85
665	2	85
20	2	85
42	2	85
762	2	85
60	2	85
60	2	85
85	2	85
85	2	85
85	2	85
85	2	85
85	2	85
85	2	85
85	2	85
85	2	85
803	2	85
803	2	85
129	2	85
172	2	85
1022	2	85
1022	2	85
1022	2	85
1037	2	85
1037	2	85
1045	2	85
1045	2	85
1045	2	85
1077	2	85
1116	2	85
1161	2	85
1220	2	85
1268	2	85
1309	2	85
.I 86
.T
A Comparison of a Keyword from Title Index with a Single Access Point 
 per Document Alphabetic Subject Index
.A
Jahoda, G.
.A
Stursa, Mary Lou
.W
   Two indexes to a collection of 3,204 documents in the field of chemistry 
were  test-searched.. The indexes are a keyword from title index without added
keywords and a single access point per document alphabetic subject index.. The
indexes were searched by 13 graduate chemistry students using 55 questions..
Search results are characterized in terms of recall, precision, and search 
time.. There is no statistically significant difference in recall and precision
search result between the multiple access points per document keyword from 
title index and the single access point per document alphabetic subject index..
Search time was significantly better for the alphabetic subject index for all 
but those questions having only one relevant document..
.X
480	2	86
486	2	86
514	2	86
520	2	86
570	2	86
576	2	86
586	2	86
608	2	86
636	2	86
643	2	86
659	2	86
720	2	86
748	2	86
781	2	86
785	2	86
786	2	86
787	2	86
788	2	86
789	2	86
791	2	86
71	2	86
72	2	86
74	2	86
75	2	86
77	2	86
78	2	86
79	2	86
73	2	86
81	2	86
82	2	86
83	2	86
86	2	86
86	2	86
86	2	86
86	2	86
86	2	86
817	2	86
817	2	86
820	2	86
825	2	86
894	2	86
153	2	86
156	2	86
156	2	86
175	2	86
194	2	86
925	2	86
984	2	86
211	2	86
212	2	86
245	2	86
277	2	86
279	2	86
280	2	86
1024	2	86
1054	2	86
1195	2	86
1215	2	86
1313	2	86
1327	2	86
1364	2	86
1419	2	86
382	2	86
389	2	86
390	2	86
.I 87
.T
A Core Nursing Library for Practitioners
.A
Stearns, N.S.
Ratcliff, W.W.
Getchell, M.E.
Zeller, K.
.W
The following books and journals
for the Core Nursing Library,
suggested reference materials,
and supplementary books and journals
were selected by experts in nursing
from all parts of the United States.
The purpose is to let practitioners
and community hospitals
know which books and journals,
from a wealth of printed material
would, in the opinion of experts, be
most useful, especially where funds
and space are limited.
.X
415	2	87
415	2	87
552	2	87
87	2	87
87	2	87
87	2	87
87	2	87
87	2	87
189	2	87
196	2	87
215	2	87
216	2	87
219	2	87
1071	2	87
1071	2	87
1147	2	87
1147	2	87
1302	2	87
1397	2	87
.I 88
.T
Patterns of Name Ordering among Authors of Scientific Papers:
A study of Social Symbolism and Its Ambiguity
.A
Zuckerman, Harriet A.
.W
   With increasing scientific collaboration, visibility of individual 
role-performance has diminished.. Ordering of author' names as an adaptive 
device which symbolizes their relative contributions to research.. Interviews 
with Nobel laureates and comparisons of their name-order practices to those of 
other scientists suggest that this symbol is ambiguous and makes evaluation of 
individual role-performance difficult.. A probability model of expected 
distribution of name orders is used in measuring preferences for particular 
sequences, and these preferences vary with the authors' eminence.. On the 
assumptions that authors' names are listed in order of the value of their 
contributions, laureates should be first-authors more often than other 
scientists; in fact, they are not.. Instead, they exercise their noblesse 
oblige by giving credit to less eminent co-workers increasingly as their 
eminence grows.. They do so more often after the prize, and eminent 
laureates-to-be forego first-authorship more often than  those as yet 
unrecognized.. The noblesse oblige, however, has its limits; laureates' 
contributions to prize-winning research are more visible than contributions to 
their other research..
.X
505	2	88
560	2	88
560	2	88
573	2	88
589	2	88
618	2	88
632	2	88
635	2	88
667	2	88
19	2	88
37	2	88
39	2	88
40	2	88
47	2	88
722	2	88
748	2	88
749	2	88
751	2	88
764	2	88
765	2	88
777	2	88
778	2	88
782	2	88
793	2	88
88	2	88
88	2	88
88	2	88
88	2	88
88	2	88
88	2	88
88	2	88
89	2	88
97	2	88
804	2	88
805	2	88
893	2	88
101	2	88
102	2	88
103	2	88
103	2	88
103	2	88
111	2	88
111	2	88
112	2	88
113	2	88
952	2	88
233	2	88
253	2	88
1016	2	88
1061	2	88
1085	2	88
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1182	2	88
1200	2	88
1256	2	88
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1301	2	88
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1380	2	88
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1444	2	88
313	2	88
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.I 89
.T
Professional Standing and the Reception of Scientific Discoveries
.A
Cole, S.
.W
  The Matthew Effect occurs when scientists receive differential recognition
for a particular scientific contribution depending on their
location in the stratification system.  Merton originally introduced
the concept to explain the allocation of credit among authors of
multiple discoveries or collaborators.  In this paper the concept is
generalized to apply to all scientific work.  If the Matthew Effect
were to operate, the reception of papers of equal quality should be
influenced by the location of their authors in the stratification system.
To test this hypothesis, data are drawn from several studies of
similar design.  In each study we control for the number of citations
papers received at time 2.  This enables us to look at groups of
papers that were judged to be roughly equal in quality at time 2.
We then see whether there were any differences in the reception of
these papers at time 1 depending upon various aspects of the author's
location in the stratification system.  All the data indicate
that assessed quality of papers at time 2 is a more important 
determinant of a paper's initial reception than any of the stratification
variables.  However, the speed of diffusion of papers of equal quality
is influenced by the reputation of the author based on past work
that is being heavily utilized at the time of a new discovery.  The
Matthew Effect also operates for those scientists located at prestigious
points of the social system of science.  All other stratification
variables, including eminence as measured by receipt of awards
did not influence the speed of diffusion.  Data are presented that
indicate that top papers written by high-ranking scientists are no 
more likely to be widely diffused early than are top papers by low-
ranking scientists.  The Matthew Effect also serves to focus
attention on the work of little-known men who collaborate with
scientists of high repute and to increase retroactively the visibility
of the early work of scientists who go on to greater fame.  A discussion
is included of the relevance of these data for the study of
resistance to scientific discoveries.
.X
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1016	2	89
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1347	2	89
1386	2	89
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1417	2	89
1428	2	89
1432	2	89
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1444	2	89
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356	2	89
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384	2	89
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.I 90
.T
Involving, Computerizing, Personalizing
.A
Kilgour, F.
.W
  In most libraries most users face a complex, monolithic arrangement
of entries in catalogs and books on shelves.  In classical librarianship no
effort can be made to personalize the listing of titles or arrangement of
volumes for an individual user.  A user is unidentified, and, except for
that small fraction of a percent who consult reference librarians, users 
remain nameless.
  The computer, however, with its superb ability to treat users as
individual persons and events as individual events, possesses the potential
for enabling big libraries to recapture the human qualities of
which classical librarianship has deprived them since their days as
one-librarian libraries.  However, rehumanization is not the only
contribution computerization will make to libraries.
  Developments in modern society are forcing libraries to establish new
objectives.  Contemporary living is information based, a phenomenon
that is outmoding the venerable concept of library function.  As small special
libraries already do, all libraries must participate in the cultural
activities of the individuals in their communities rather than
merely make available a torpid "service." Libraries must look forward to
supplying information to a user when and where he needs it - an
objective impossible to attain with classical library techniques.
.X
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.I 91
.T
Williams & Wilkins - The Great Leap Backward
.A
North, W.
.W
  This article contains a call for active participation by all segments of
the library and educational community in the Williams and Wilkins controversy 
and in the effort to achieve appropriate copyright revision.
.X
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.I 92
.T
OCLC for You - and ME?!
.A
Plotnick, A.
.W
  Sometimes it seems as if the library world has divided into two camps; those
who seem to know all about this thing called "OCLC" and who keep popping that
rounded acronym into their conversation with a certain bromidic effervescence,
and the other camp - plain folk who are happy to take library life one
acronym at a time, as they need it, and who, if pressed, might guess that OCLC
has something to do with, oh, Optical Codes at the Library of Congress?
  Only in Ohio - where the Ohio College Library Center began and where
this national, computerized, bibliographic data exchange continues to grow -
is OCLC universally a library household term, even among computer-phobes.  In
Ohio, most librarians already realize the kind of thing going on at OCLC is
not simply the building up of someone else's data base in little bits and bytes,
but perhaps the biggest revolution in access to library collections since books
were unchained from the shelves.
.X
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.I 93
.T
The American Occupational Structure
.A
Blau, P.M.
.W
  This book is the result of a collaborative effort extending over seven
years.  We have tried hard to make the book a genuine joint product
to which each of us made the contributions he is best qualified to
make.  There is no senior author; the sequence of name is simply
alphabetical, and we have reversed it in signing the preface and elsewhere
to emphasize this fact.  Our collaboration was motivated by our shared
interest in social stratification, our common concern with advancing
scientific social theory on the basis of systematic research, and the
conviction that the inquiry would benefit from the different qualifications
and viewpoints the two of us represent.  There can be no doubt
that our interests in and approaches to sociological problems differ to
a considerable degree.  Although we agree that refining research methods
and advancing social theory are both important, for example, it is
only fair to state that Duncan lays more stress on deriving theoretical
generalizations.
.X
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.I 94
.T
American Overseas Library Technical Assistance, 1940-1970
.A
Brewster, B.J.
.W
     The United States has been engaged in activities known
variously as technical assistance, technical cooperation, or
development assistance for the past twenty-five years.  This
form of foreign aid, either government sponsored or privately
supported, is a twentieth century phenomenon.  The broader
concept, foreign aid or foreign assistance, means providing 
another country with any kind of goods, whether financial,
commodity, or manpower, to almost any purpose, and
extends to antiquity.  Technical assistance, which may be
defined, on the other hand, as the supplying of techniques,
is an outgrowth of the industrial revolution and parallels
America's rise in the nineteenth century to world recognition
as an important industrial and trade power.  Government use
of such aid as an instrument of foreign policy, as well as
the integration of these private and public efforts in the foreign
assistance field, began to develop under President Roosevelt's
Good Neighbor Policy.  This integration soon expanded under
the new cultural relations program which the United
States implemented during World War II to offset the Nazi
propaganda and cultural offensive in Latin America.
.X
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.I 95
.T
Scientific Communication:  Five Themes from Social Science Research
.A
Menzel, H.
.W
  The recent upsurge of interest in the behavioral aspects of scientific and 
technical communication and information flow has two distinct sources, a 
theoretical one in the development of communication research, and a practical 
one in the concerns of policy makers in scientific organizations and 
information services.
  For some time past, the attention of sociologists and social psychologists 
studying communication processes, once focused on so-called mass phenomena
and mass publics, has turned to the interplay of communication processes with 
more and more definitely delineated and mapped aspects of social structure.  
One aspect of this shift in interest has been the increasing attention paid by 
behavioral scientists to the systems supplying information of a specialized 
sort, and to the publics which are consumers of this specialized information. 
The scientific and applied professions have been most prominent among the 
publics so studied.
.X
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1313	2	95
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1386	2	95
1408	2	95
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.I 96
.T
Communication Patterns in Applied Technology
.A
Marquis, D.G.
Allen, T.J.
.W
  The preceding papers have addressed themselves
to the study of information flow in a particular
stream of human activity which has been variously called
science, pure science, basic research, or
fundamental research, and which
is only secondarily, if at all, concerned
with the practical utilization of its products.
At this point it is appropriate to note that there is
a parallel activity which includes applied research,
exploratory development, and engineering development.
This second stream of research we will call technology.
Far more is known about the flow of information
among scientists than among technologists.  From
the knowledge that is available, however, we are
led to conclude that the communication patterns  
in the two areas of activity are not only largely
independent of one another, but qualitatively
different in their nature.  This difference is
reflected most clearly in the mechanisms by
which information is diffused within the two
sets of practitioners.  The present paper is
addressed to these differences and to a discussion
of the nature of the communication process between
science and technology.
.X
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1408	2	96
1445	2	96
.I 97
.T
Bibliographical Citation Characteristics of the Psychological
Journal Network in 1950 and in 1960
.A
Xhignesse, L.V.
Osgood, C.E.
.W
  The aforementioned studies are related to the
problem of information exchange in psychology.
Journals are a part of the formal channel of scientific
communication as well as storage elements for
the summary accounts of research undertakings.
Analysis of bibliographical citations thus can
reveal certain characteristics of the pattern of
information flow created by scientists in their
work.  The potential usefulness of this type of
investigation is increased when it becomes
possible to examine the trends through time of the
communication network under consideration, and also 
when different communication networks can be compared.
  The present paper deals with some of the
characteristics of bibliographical citations in the
same 21 psychological journals published both in
1950 and in 1960. The list of journals used, along
with the abbreviations to be used here, is given in
Table 1; it includes 8 journals published by the
American Psychological Association and 13 journals
published by other organizations.
.X
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379	2	97
395	2	97
.I 98
.T
Scientific Communication:
Its Role in the Conduct of Research and Creation of Knowledge
.A
Garvey, W.D
Griffith, B.C.
.W
  There is considerable apprehension today
within the scientific community over the
communication crisis in science.  The present
article, which attempts to clarify certain aspects
of the problem, overviews the data collected by the
APA Project on Scientific Information Exchange in
Psychology, together with data which we have
more recently obtained relative to other disciplines.
Such a reexamination of the data should help to
clarify APA's relationship to the many information
media involved in the communication process
which begins with research and ends with the
incorporation of research findings into psychological
knowledge.
.X
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1285	2	98
1289	2	98
1291	2	98
1296	2	98
1296	2	98
1296	2	98
1300	2	98
1301	2	98
1302	2	98
1338	2	98
1408	2	98
359	2	98
386	2	98
398	2	98
.I 99
.T
Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals
.A
Robinson, W.S.
.W
  An individual correlation is a correlation
in which the statistical object or thing
described is indivisible.  The correlation
between color and illiteracy for
persons in the United States, shown later in
Table 1, is an individual correlation, because
the kind of thing described is an indivisible
unit, a person.  In an individual correlation
the variables are descriptive properties of
individuals, such as height, income, eye
color, or race, and not descriptive statistical
constants such as rates or means.
  In an ecological correlation the statistical
object is a group of persons.  The correlation
between the percentage of the population
which is Negro and the percentage of the
population which is illiterate for the 48
states, shown later as Figure 2, is an 
ecological correlation.  The thing described
is the population of a state, and not a single
individual.  The variables are percentages,
descriptive properties of groups, and not
descriptive properties of individuals.
.X
99	2	99
99	2	99
99	2	99
99	2	99
99	2	99
102	2	99
170	2	99
1320	2	99
1337	2	99
1342	2	99
1347	2	99
1343	2	99
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.I 100
.T
Priorities in Scientific Discovery: A Chapter in the Sociology of Science
.A
Merton, R.K.
.W
  We can only guess what historians of the 
future will say about the condition of
present-day sociology.  But it seems
safe to anticipate one of their observations.
When the Trevelyans of 2050 come to write that 
history - as they well might, for this clan
of historians promises to go on forever -
they will doubtless find it strange that so
few sociologists (and historians) of the
twentieth century could bring themselves,
in their work, to treat science as one of the
great social institutions of the time.  They
will observe that long after the sociology of
science became an identifiable field of
inquiry, it remained little cultivated in a
world where science loomed large enough to
present mankind with the choice of destruction
or survival.  They may even suggest
that somewhere in the process by which social
scientists take note of the world as it is
and as it once was, a sense of values appears
to have become badly scrambled.
.X
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602	2	100
48	2	100
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111	2	100
113	2	100
1062	2	100
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1301	2	100
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1313	2	100
1337	2	100
1338	2	100
1345	2	100
1386	2	100
1386	2	100
1386	2	100
314	2	100
343	2	100
359	2	100
386	2	100
.I 101
.T
Social Factors in the Origins of a New Science: The Case of Psychology
.A
Ben-David, Joseph
.A
Collins, Randall
.W
   The uninterrupted growth of a scientific field depends upon the existence of 
a scientific community permanently devoting itself to the field.. Therefore, the
new idea is not sufficient to start the take-off into sustained growth in a new 
field; a new role must be created as well.. In scientific psychology, this 
occurred in the late nineteenth century in Germany.. Using Germany as a 
positive case, and France, Britain and the United States as negative cases, it
is shown that the new role resulted from academic career opportunities favoring
the mobility of practitioners and students of psychology into other fields, and
from the relatively low academic standing of speculative philosophy and its 
consequent receptivity to persons and ideas which promised to turn the study of 
the human mind into an experimental science..
.X
544	2	101
560	2	101
605	2	101
667	2	101
33	2	101
750	2	101
775	2	101
88	2	101
800	2	101
101	2	101
101	2	101
101	2	101
101	2	101
101	2	101
101	2	101
102	2	101
102	2	101
105	2	101
1063	2	101
1063	2	101
1081	2	101
1082	2	101
1088	2	101
1271	2	101
1285	2	101
1286	2	101
1287	2	101
1308	2	101
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1312	2	101
1320	2	101
1334	2	101
1334	2	101
1386	2	101
1387	2	101
343	2	101
343	2	101
391	2	101
.I 102
.T
Scientific Output and Recognition:
     A Study in the Operation of the Reward System in Science
.A
Cole, Stephen
.A
Cole, Jonathan R.
.W
   The relationship between the quantity and quality of scientific output of 
120 university physicists was studied.. Although these two variables are highly
correlated, some physicists produce many papers of little significance and 
other produce a few papers of great significance.. The responses of the 
community of physicists to these distinct patterns of research publication were
investigated.. Quality of output is more significant than quantity in eliciting
recognition through the receipt of awards, appointment to prestigious academic
departments, and being widely known to one's colleagues.. The reward system 
operates to encourage creative scientists to be highly productive, to divert 
the energies of less creative physicists into other channels, and to produce a 
higher correlation between quantity and quality of output in the top departments 
than in the weaker departments..
.X
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552	2	102
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560	2	102
560	2	102
573	2	102
587	2	102
605	2	102
605	2	102
613	2	102
614	2	102
618	2	102
632	2	102
635	2	102
638	2	102
667	2	102
15	2	102
19	2	102
33	2	102
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225	2	102
233	2	102
253	2	102
269	2	102
1016	2	102
1016	2	102
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1291	2	102
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1301	2	102
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1308	2	102
1312	2	102
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1320	2	102
1320	2	102
1329	2	102
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1387	2	102
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1428	2	102
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1432	2	102
1444	2	102
312	2	102
313	2	102
314	2	102
314	2	102
343	2	102
356	2	102
359	2	102
373	2	102
377	2	102
379	2	102
391	2	102
391	2	102
395	2	102
.I 103
.T
Nobel Laureates in Science:
 Patterns of Productivity, Collaboration, and Authorship
.A
Zuckerman, Harriet
.W
   Nobel laureates in science publish more and are more apt to collaborate than 
a matched sample of scientists.. Interviews with 41 of 55 laureates and 
comparison of their research output with the output of the matched sample 
indicate that these patterns hold at every stage of the life-work-cycle.. As
laureates report and as their publications collaborate, they exercise noblesse
oblige in arranging co-authorship in collaborative publications.. Receipt of 
the Nobel prize is followed by declining productivity and changed work 
practices, as a result of changed role obligations and activities.. Reductions 
in productivity are more severe for laureates who experience comparatively 
large increments in prestige through the prize than for those who were already 
eminent.. The prize generates strain in collaborative associations so that most 
of these terminate soon after the award..
.X
475	2	103
505	2	103
560	2	103
573	2	103
592	2	103
618	2	103
632	2	103
635	2	103
667	2	103
15	2	103
19	2	103
32	2	103
32	2	103
37	2	103
39	2	103
40	2	103
47	2	103
748	2	103
748	2	103
749	2	103
751	2	103
764	2	103
765	2	103
777	2	103
778	2	103
782	2	103
791	2	103
793	2	103
88	2	103
88	2	103
88	2	103
97	2	103
804	2	103
805	2	103
893	2	103
893	2	103
893	2	103
102	2	103
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103	2	103
103	2	103
103	2	103
103	2	103
103	2	103
103	2	103
103	2	103
103	2	103
104	2	103
108	2	103
111	2	103
112	2	103
113	2	103
170	2	103
952	2	103
233	2	103
253	2	103
1016	2	103
1061	2	103
1085	2	103
1085	2	103
1086	2	103
1087	2	103
1182	2	103
1200	2	103
1274	2	103
1277	2	103
1278	2	103
1280	2	103
1287	2	103
1291	2	103
1301	2	103
1302	2	103
1304	2	103
1313	2	103
1334	2	103
1335	2	103
1338	2	103
1339	2	103
1341	2	103
1342	2	103
1344	2	103
1344	2	103
1347	2	103
1347	2	103
1343	2	103
1380	2	103
1428	2	103
1444	2	103
313	2	103
359	2	103
377	2	103
379	2	103
395	2	103
.I 104
.T
Visibility and the Structural Bases of Awareness of Scientific Research
.A
Cole, Stephen
.A
Cole, Jonathan R.
.W
   The paper contains an analysis of several aspects of the communication 
process in science.. Using data obtained from printed sources and questionnaires
mailed to university physicists, the conditions making for high visibility of a
scientists' work are studied.. Four strong determinates of visibility were
found: the quality of work, as measured by citations; the honorific awards 
received for work in physics; the prestige of the physics department to which
the scientist belong; and speciality.. Quantity of output, age, and 
name-ordering patterns on collaborative papers have no independent effect on 
visibility.. Just as some physicists may be easily seen (i.e., have high 
visibility), other are in positions where they may easily see.. This latter
characteristic is called "awareness"..The data indicate that awareness is high 
in all sectors of the population studied.. Variables such as age, rank of 
department, and quality of work made for only minor differences in awareness.. 
We conclude that the communication system in physics operates efficiently..
.X
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33	2	104
48	2	104
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793	2	104
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1313	2	104
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1344	2	104
1346	2	104
1346	2	104
1347	2	104
1343	2	104
.I 105
.T
Social Structure in a Group of Scientists:
 A Test of the "Invisible College" Hypothesis
.A
Crane, Diana
.W
   The existence of social organization within a research area may be inferred 
(a) if scientists who have published in the area have more social ties with one 
another than with scientists who have not published, and (b) scientists who 
have published in the area can be differentiated by degree od social 
participation within the area.. Using the mail questionnaire, sociometric data
on different types of scientific relationships were obtained from scientists, 
all of whom had published in a particular problem area.. Respondents chose
scientists who had not published in the area as often as they chose scientists
within the area.. Analysis of direct and indirect ties, using Cleman's method
for analysis of sociometric connectedness, revealed that a tie with one or more
of the highly productive scientists brought other scientists of less
productivity into a large network of influence and communication.. Similarities
between this type of social organization and that of the "social circle" are
discussed..
.X
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592	2	105
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41	2	105
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1063	2	105
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1081	2	105
1082	2	105
1088	2	105
1111	2	105
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1235	2	105
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1346	2	105
1347	2	105
1386	2	105
1386	2	105
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1387	2	105
1387	2	105
1387	2	105
1389	2	105
1408	2	105
1408	2	105
308	2	105
312	2	105
314	2	105
356	2	105
356	2	105
356	2	105
386	2	105
398	2	105
.I 106
.T
Growth and Decay Curves in Scientific Citations
.A
MacRae, Duncan Jr.
.W
   In a rapidly advancing scientific discipline, new contributions will 
supersede older ones.. This selection in favor of recent literature should be
observable in the distribution of footnote citations in a given discipline, by
age of article cited.. However, the age distribution of citations also depends
on the rate of growth of the disciplinary literature.. The effect of growth of 
the literature and of selection favoring recent articles can be separated, if
certain assumptions hold, by use of an exponential model that expands and 
clarifies earlier findings by Price.. This model provides a reasonably good fit
to age-distributions of footnotes in several disciplines, and its application 
suggest that citations  in sociology tend to refer to older articles than those
in the natural sciences..A parameter in the model, measuring the degree of
selectivity in favor of recent articles, can be estimated and may be useful in
comparative studies of the communication systems of various disciplines..
.X
456	2	106
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545	2	106
560	2	106
587	2	106
605	2	106
632	2	106
632	2	106
667	2	106
33	2	106
33	2	106
39	2	106
41	2	106
47	2	106
48	2	106
48	2	106
48	2	106
750	2	106
764	2	106
767	2	106
767	2	106
793	2	106
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113	2	106
113	2	106
113	2	106
170	2	106
1062	2	106
1273	2	106
1274	2	106
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1278	2	106
1280	2	106
1285	2	106
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1286	2	106
1287	2	106
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1291	2	106
1301	2	106
1302	2	106
1312	2	106
1313	2	106
1313	2	106
1337	2	106
1338	2	106
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1346	2	106
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1352	2	106
1386	2	106
1444	2	106
314	2	106
314	2	106
314	2	106
377	2	106
.I 107
.T
The Structure of Scientific Fields and 
  the Functioning of University Graduate Departments
.A
Lodahl, Janice Beyer
.A
Gordon, Gerald
.W
   Kuhn's concept of paradigm suggests that academic disciplines could be viewed
as technologies involving degree of task predictability.. A series of hypotheses
were developed in which relatively high paradigm development in a discipline was 
predicted to facilitate research and teaching through improved processes of 
communication and access to stored information.. Using questionnaire data 
collected from 80 university graduate departments, physicists and chemists were 
found to exhibit more agreement over field content, and to be more willing and 
satisfied to spend time with graduate students than sociologists and political 
scientists.. In addition, chemists were found to collaborate with larger 
numbers of graduate students in research than scientists in the other fields..
Two other aspects of scientific structure are discussed: the level of innovation 
being pursued within a field of a given time, and the degree of 
institutionalized differentiation of the field into subdisciplines..
.X
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1347	2	107
1386	2	107
308	2	107
359	2	107
386	2	107
.I 108
.T
Productivity Differences among Scientists:
  Evidence for Accumulative Advantage
.A
Allison, Paul D.
.A
Stewart, John A
.W
   The highly skewed distributions of productivity among scientists can be 
partly explained by a process of accumulative advantage.. Because of feedback
through recognition and resources, highly productive scientists maintain or
increase their productivity, while scientists who produce very little produce
even less later on.. A major implication of accumulative advantage is that the
distribution of productivity becomes increasingly unequal as a cohort of
scientists ages.. Cross-sectional survey data support this hypothesis for
chemists, physicists, and mathematicians, who show strong linear increases in
inequality with increasing career age.. This increase is highly associated with 
a changing distribution of time spent on research.. Another implication of 
accumulative advantage is also corroborated: the association among productivity,
resources and esteem increases as career age increases..
.X
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1343	2	108
1386	2	108
314	2	108
.I 109
.T
The Distribution of Social and Cultural Properties in Informal Communication
 Networks Among Biological Scientists
.A
Mullins, Nicholas C.
.W
   Informal communication among biological scientists forms a discernible 
social structure.. This research analyzes the relation of that structure to (1)
scientists' descriptions of their research and the orientations that underlie 
those descriptions, (2) social status in science, and (3) the formal social 
categories of science (i.e. discipline, department, and research organization)..
Each of the observed structures is contrasted with a random model.. Neither 
social status nor the formal social categories show greater association on the
social structure than to the random model.. The culture of science, on the other
hand, as represented by description of research and the orientations underlying 
those descriptions, shows very strong associations with the discerned network 
structures..
.X
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.I 110
.T
The Gatekeepers of Science:  Some Factors Affecting
the Selection of Articles of Scientific Journals
.A
Crane, D.
.W
  The norms of scientific behavior as
described by Merton include the
prescription that scientific achievements
are to be judged without reference to
scientists' social characteristics.  This
article will attempt to assess the extent
to which this norm is followed with
respect to the evaluation of articles by
scientific journals.
.X
456	2	110
544	2	110
545	2	110
545	2	110
560	2	110
560	2	110
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582	2	110
584	2	110
589	2	110
592	2	110
655	2	110
656	2	110
685	2	110
48	2	110
788	2	110
789	2	110
793	2	110
76	2	110
89	2	110
95	2	110
102	2	110
104	2	110
104	2	110
105	2	110
106	2	110
107	2	110
110	2	110
110	2	110
110	2	110
110	2	110
110	2	110
110	2	110
110	2	110
111	2	110
111	2	110
112	2	110
112	2	110
113	2	110
113	2	110
155	2	110
157	2	110
161	2	110
170	2	110
1030	2	110
1030	2	110
1050	2	110
1062	2	110
1062	2	110
1062	2	110
1063	2	110
1209	2	110
1256	2	110
1284	2	110
1285	2	110
1285	2	110
1287	2	110
1287	2	110
1290	2	110
1291	2	110
1291	2	110
1293	2	110
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1295	2	110
1296	2	110
1297	2	110
1297	2	110
1300	2	110
1300	2	110
1302	2	110
1315	2	110
1319	2	110
1340	2	110
1344	2	110
1345	2	110
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1346	2	110
1347	2	110
1347	2	110
1386	2	110
1386	2	110
314	2	110
356	2	110
.I 111
.T
Bibliographical Reference Patterns in Core
Sociological Journals, 1965-1966
.A
Lin, N.
Nelson, C.E.
.W
  The present study attempted to extend previous work on
bibliographical reference patterns in sociological journals
in the following ways: (1) by selecting for study those
journals to which American sociologists prefer to submit
their work, (2) by including, over a two-year period, all
bibliographical references (journals, books, technical
reports, etc.), and (3) by including, for initial comparison,
a journal from the physical sciences.  Such a study, it was
hoped, would yield data concerning similarities and
differences among the sociological journals and between
the sociological journals and the physical science journal.
.X
456	2	111
456	2	111
487	2	111
545	2	111
545	2	111
545	2	111
545	2	111
552	2	111
560	2	111
560	2	111
587	2	111
592	2	111
602	2	111
602	2	111
605	2	111
607	2	111
613	2	111
614	2	111
638	2	111
33	2	111
33	2	111
36	2	111
41	2	111
48	2	111
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750	2	111
753	2	111
764	2	111
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789	2	111
789	2	111
793	2	111
793	2	111
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88	2	111
89	2	111
89	2	111
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100	2	111
102	2	111
102	2	111
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107	2	111
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111	2	111
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111	2	111
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113	2	111
113	2	111
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163	2	111
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199	2	111
905	2	111
911	2	111
953	2	111
977	2	111
983	2	111
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210	2	111
225	2	111
243	2	111
269	2	111
1016	2	111
1023	2	111
1030	2	111
1030	2	111
1055	2	111
1062	2	111
1062	2	111
1062	2	111
1083	2	111
1085	2	111
1087	2	111
1090	2	111
1135	2	111
1260	2	111
1273	2	111
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1285	2	111
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1293	2	111
1296	2	111
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1302	2	111
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.I 112
.T
Sociology Today:  Lacunae, Emphases, and Surfeits
.A
Brown, J.S.
Gilmartin, B.G.
.W
  In sociology today, as in other sciences, the professional
journals serve as major channels for the dissemination of
ideas and information.  The papers presented in the
principal periodicals reach a wide audience among sociologists,
are acknowledged as the best work, and stand as
models for all who aspire to success.  The viewpoints, conceptual 
schemes, interests, and methodologies reflected in
these articles are therefore significant influences on both
the current character and the future development of our
discipline.
.X
456	2	112
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545	2	112
545	2	112
552	2	112
560	2	112
587	2	112
605	2	112
613	2	112
614	2	112
638	2	112
33	2	112
36	2	112
41	2	112
48	2	112
735	2	112
747	2	112
750	2	112
753	2	112
766	2	112
767	2	112
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782	2	112
784	2	112
788	2	112
789	2	112
793	2	112
793	2	112
793	2	112
88	2	112
89	2	112
97	2	112
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808	2	112
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102	2	112
103	2	112
104	2	112
106	2	112
107	2	112
110	2	112
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111	2	112
111	2	112
111	2	112
111	2	112
111	2	112
112	2	112
112	2	112
112	2	112
112	2	112
112	2	112
112	2	112
112	2	112
112	2	112
113	2	112
113	2	112
113	2	112
113	2	112
163	2	112
170	2	112
183	2	112
184	2	112
193	2	112
199	2	112
199	2	112
905	2	112
911	2	112
953	2	112
977	2	112
983	2	112
203	2	112
210	2	112
225	2	112
269	2	112
1016	2	112
1023	2	112
1030	2	112
1055	2	112
1062	2	112
1087	2	112
1090	2	112
1135	2	112
1260	2	112
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1276	2	112
1278	2	112
1280	2	112
1285	2	112
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1286	2	112
1287	2	112
1287	2	112
1291	2	112
1300	2	112
1302	2	112
1302	2	112
1315	2	112
1335	2	112
1335	2	112
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1340	2	112
1344	2	112
1345	2	112
1346	2	112
1347	2	112
1347	2	112
1390	2	112
1397	2	112
1417	2	112
1428	2	112
1432	2	112
360	2	112
373	2	112
.I 113
.T
Measuring the Quality of Sociological Research:
Problems in the Use of the Science Citation Index
.A
Cole, S.
.W
The Problem of assessing the "quality" of scientific
publications has long been a major impediment to
progress in the sociology of science.  Most researchers
have typically paid homage to the belief that quantity of
output is not the equivalent of quality and have then gone
ahead and used publication counts anyway (Coler, 1963;
Crane, 1965; Price, 1963; Wilson, 1964).  There seemed
to be no practicable way to measure the quality of large
numbers of papers or the life's work of large numbers of
scientists.  The invention of the Science Citation Index
(SCI) a few years ago provides a new and reliable tool
to measure the significance of individual scientists'
contributions.  Starting in 1961, the SCI has listed all
bibliographic references appearing in an increasingly large
number of journals.  The number of citations an
individual receives may be tabulated and used as an indicator
of the relative scientific significance or "quality" of that
individual's publications.
.X
456	2	113
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545	2	113
545	2	113
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560	2	113
560	2	113
592	2	113
602	2	113
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.I 114
.T
The Analysis of Information Systems
.A
Meadow, C.T.
.W
  This book is intended to supply the background needed for
participation in the analysis and design of information-handling
systems and for understanding the literature in the field.
I have tried to present a unified approach to the subject
and to the relation of information retrieval to other
disciplines and an appreciation of the importance of this
interdisciplinary relationship.  I hope that the scientist
or computer programmer, newly interested in information-retrieval
problems, as well as the librarian, will find the book of value.
.X
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1448	2	114
345	2	114
.I 115
.T
Analysis of Library User Circulation Requirements
.A
Trueswell, Richard W.
.W
   This research study is concerned with the use of the last circulation date 
as a statistic to help describe library user circulation requirements.. Some 
decision rules were developed to use this parameter as an aid in determining the
number of copies of books to be held in the library and as an aid in the
weeding of books from the library's holdings.. The effect of these decision
rules on the circulation requirements of users as well as on library operations 
are described.. The method of data collection is described in detail and is 
applicable at libraries having comparable charging systems.. Cumulative 
distribution functions of last circulation date at two large college libraries 
and a public library were prepared and have been plotted for both circulation 
data and stack holding data.. This same data has also been plotted by subdivided
subject category.. Circulation operating characteristics were prepared for all
three libraries..
.X
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365	2	115
393	2	115
.I 116
.T
The Documentation of Chemical Research
.A
Fugmann, R.
.A
Braun, W.
.A
Vaupel, M. W.
.W
   Due to the fact that scientific-technical research is constantly increasing,
it is becoming more and more difficult to retrieve the published results of 
research.. A new field of science, documentation, has been developed as a 
contribution to the removal of this difficulty.. Depending on the type and 
extent of the subject different methods for its documentation will be followed..
Methods and possibilities for the comprehensive documentation of chemistry and 
its related fields are explained..
.X
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671	2	116
671	2	116
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677	2	116
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689	2	116
690	2	116
690	2	116
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704	2	116
706	2	116
707	2	116
710	2	116
730	2	116
738	2	116
833	2	116
116	2	116
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254	2	116
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1072	2	116
1072	2	116
1072	2	116
1292	2	116
1452	2	116
327	2	116
.I 117
.T
TOSAR - A Topological method for the Representation of Synthetic and 
Analytical Relations of Concepts
.A
Fugmann, Robert
Nickelsen, Herbert
Nickelsen, Ingeborg
Winter, Jacob H.
.W
   In mechanized systems used for searching in literature stores there is a 
steadily growing necessity not only to be able to formulate concepts as a
search condition but also the characteristic connections under which these
concepts appear in the inquiry.. In this way the precision of the mechanized
literature search is considerably increased.. TOSAR has been developed in 
order to improve computerized literature searching in this respect..
.X
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730	2	117
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833	2	117
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254	2	117
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1077	2	117
1231	2	117
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1443	2	117
1452	2	117
320	2	117
327	2	117
.I 118
.T
Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behavior
.A
Wynneedwards, V.C.
.W
  The theory presented in this book links together the subjects of population 
and brhavior.  It applies to animals in general, which gives it an exceedingly
wide scope.
.X
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412	2	118
549	2	118
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21	2	118
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.I 119
.T
Information Networks
.A
Becker, J.
Olsen, W.C.
.W
  In the literature, active network plans and developments appear to cluster 
in three main areas: (1) Education, (2) Libraries, and (3) Government, Industry,
and Professional Societies.  These network groupings are described in this
chapter following a discussion of network definitions, concepts, and current
impetus.  References to information systems are included when there is an 
indication that a particular system will probably be transformed into a network.
.X
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.I 120
.T
Design and Evaluation of Information Systems
.A
Katter, R.V.
.W
  In corresponding chapters of earlier volumes of this review 
may be discerned a trend toward progressive broadening of
content coverage.  The initial emphasis was on design and
evaluation concepts and on techniques that were rather closely -  
and narrowly - connected with information storage and retrieval
systems.  It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that
there are many activities and ideas outside of this context
that have, or can have, a very important bearing on the work
of systems analysts, designers, and evaluators working on
library and documentation systems.  This chapter attempts
to continue enlarging our perception of the range of reported
activities that can help to improve the kinds of systems in which
our readers are chiefly interested.
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.I 121
.T
Document Dissemination
.A
Landau, H.B.
.W
  This chapter is directed to those whose vocation (or avocation)
is information.  While we may call ourselves librarians, information
scientists or technologists, abstractors and indexers, documentalists,
IS&R specialists, literature searchers, and so forth, we all have one
thing in common: We are either directly or indirectly involved in the
dissemination of information.  As disseminators, we are interested
in far more than the techniques for transmission of information from
one point to another.  Despite McLuhan's (93) statement that "the
medium is the message," we must concern ourselves with not only the
means of document dissemination, but also the content and value of
the documents we disseminate.  This idea is prevalent throughout
most of the papers reviewed in this chapter.  A disseminator should
think of himself as a selective switching center, inputting data,
evaluating them, selecting worthy items, and directing and controlling
their transmission to a target: the reader.
.X
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.I 122
.T
Information Networks
.A
Overhage, C.F.J.
.W
  The rapidly growing rate at which information is produced and
used in our complex society has presented us with major problems
in information transfer.  We encounter these problems not only
in libraries, information centers, and schools, but also in many
of the operations of government and business.  The handling of large
amounts of information is becoming a dominant theme in the management
of our way of life.  We are a technologically oriented society, and
we have naturally turned to our communications technology to help
us perform our enormous information transfer task.  Beginning with
the telegraph and continuing through the telephone, through radio 
and television to the communications satellite, the methods of
electrical signal transmission have served to distribute information
to its ultimate users.
.X
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.I 123
.T
Annual Reviews of Information Science and Technology
.A
Cuadra, C.A.
.B
1972
.W
  In spite of concerns expressed in the literature about
the health and vigor of the field of information science and
of its service-oriented institutions - libraries and information
centers - the progress reviews in this volume provide grounds for
optimism.  Some of the trends that were commented on in Volume 6
have proved to be solid and important.  For example, the movement
toward rapid interactive access to major public and commercial data bases 
is not very strong, and it will probably not be many years before
satisfying experience with this new mode of information access will
help it become not merely an experimental innovation but the
standard means of searching and using centrally (or regionally)
held data.  Three chapters in this volume touch on related aspects 
of the movement: Bennett's review of the user interface in interactive
systems, Gechman's report on machine-readable bibliographic data bases, and
Brandhorst and Eckert's review of document retrieval and dissemination
systems.
  This volume also introduces a new Annual Review topic of potentially
great importance for future libraries: video cartridges and cassettes.
It is widely accepted that libraries and information centers will, in
the coming years, shift the balance of their holdings in the direction of
some of the newer media, and the chapter by Kletter and Hudson helps to define 
the potential and problems of some of the promising new media.  Other new
areas of interest are information system applications in the criminal
justice system and information system applications in the humanities.
  In addition to these topics, this volume covers three of the core areas
of information science, which we attempt to review on as close to an
annual basis as possible: information needs and uses, document description
and representation, and organization of information.  This
coverage is consistent with a newly developed Annual Review master
plan for cyclic but flexible coverage of some 40 major areas of interest
in library and information science.
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.I 124
.T
The User Interface in Interactive Systems
.A
Bennett, J.L.
.W
  The digital computer has been used as a problem-solving tool for only
two decades.  During most of this time, computer scientists have
concentrated on learning how to build the tool: applying electronic
technology, arranging for data flow between components, and manufacturing
the hardware.  Now we are entering a new stage in which computing
power is made available through interactive terminals to people who
are not computer scientists.  This is possible on a large scale only
because design and marketing innovators now have confidence in their
ability to provide reliable, cost-effective service to less sophisticated
users.  In this new stage, the natural behavior patterns of users become
an important element in the design of the interface to the tool.
.X
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.I 125
.T
Machine-Readable Bibliographic Data Bases
.A
Gechman, Marvin C.
.W
   The advent of machine-readable data bases is one of the most significant 
forward steps in information retrieval.. Currently, the creation and 
application of these data bases are in a period of very rapid growth.. This
reviewer sees a great need for a review of "what is going on" because there is 
so much going on.. It is the goal of this chapter to fulfill that need even 
though it is difficult to hold this dynamic field static for a good meaningful 
look..
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.I 126
.T
Annual Reviews of Information Science and Technology
.A
Cuadra, C.A.
.B
1974
.W
  The major trends of the 1970's in information system planning and
services are becoming clear, as indicated in this year's Annual Review
chapters.  The movement toward inter-institutional operations, or networking,
began gaining force in the 1965-1970 period, through the establishment
of many new library consortia, and there were some tentative efforts
to use computers for nationwide bibliographic information "utilities."
These movements are now more vigorous and are showing signs of being
cost-effective, productive ventures.  Inter-institutional cooperation not only
promises service improvements and cost reductions, but also poses new
problems and demands.  Formalized cooperation among different institutions
requires agreement about needs and priorities and gives special importance
to a clear understanding of the information needs of specific user
subgroups.  It also requires more careful and productive system planning
and design, including intelligent consideration of the "make versus buy"
issue.  Several chapters in this volume touch on these problems and
considerations.
  One of the most significant developments in 1973 was the rapid growth
in the use of on-line information retrieval services - both those operated
by the federal government and those operated by the private sector.  The
apparent cost-effectiveness of these services is raising some of the same
problems for data base producers that inter-institutional cooperation among
library and information facilities is raising for the publishers of printed
materials: namely, how to cover rising costs in the face of declining (or less
rapidly growing) sales of individual units of the product - monographs,
serials, secondary information publications, or magnetic tapes.  The
inclusion of a chapter on copyright - the first in the Annual Review series -
reflects the importance of this topic in the growing controversy over the
ownership and distribution of information.  Another aspect of that
controversy - the role of government and non-profit information services
in relation to those of private industry - is explored in this year's
chapter on document retrieval systems and techniques.
.X
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.I 127
.T
Use of Machine-Readable Data Bases
.A
Williams, M.E.
.W
  This is the first Annual Review chapter entitled "Use of Machine-
Readable Data Bases."  Therefore, the coverage provided is for more than
a one-year period.  A chapter by Gechman (79) on machine-readable
bibliographic data bases included literature from 1969 through 1971.  A
chapter by Housman (100) covered the use of data bases for selective
dissemination of information (SDI) and a chapter by Parkins & Kennedy
(153) has previously reviewed secondary information services.  This
chapter will cover the 1973 literature on data bases as well as earlier
data base papers not treated in prior chapters.
  For purposes of this chapter, a data base is considered to be an
organized set of machine-readable records containing bibliographic
or document-related data.
.X
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.I 128
.T
Design and Evaluation of Information Systems
.A
Swanson, R.W.
.W
  The co-joining of "design" with "evaluation" that is called for by this
chapter posed organizational and inclusion-exclusion problems for the
author.  In part, "design" and "evaluation" prescribe two separate sets
of activities, the former pertaining to the planning, development, and
testing of new information system structures and modification of existing
structures, the latter to appraisals and assessments of operational
systems and system components.  However, "design" includes not only the
formulation of goals and objectives for systems but also provisions for
evaluation in accordance with expectations.  "Evaluation" applies to
testing design concepts and to trying out preliminary implementations
for the purpose of improving initial designs, as well as to the
appraisal of operating systems.  Appraisals at any stage of system
operability may yield data that indicate the need for system modifications
that require redesign and assessment.  Thus, portions of "design" and
"evaluation" are closely interrelated, as Katter demonstrated in
his 1969 review.
  "Design" and "evaluation" may be examined methodologically or with
respect to outcomes of the application of methodologies.  Increasingly,
designers and evaluators have been acknowledging the dependence of
outcomes on sound procedural conceptualizations.  The current literature
discloses research on the processes of design and evaluation as well as on
their products.
.X
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.I 129
.T
Generation and Uses of Machine-Readable Data Bases
.A
Schipma, P.B.
.W
  This chapter continues the coverage of the generation and use of
machine-readable data bases inaugurated in Volume 9 by Williams (178).  It
is therefore an update consisting primarily of 1974 material and is prepared
in general accordance with Williams's initial compilation.
  The same definition of data bases and the boundaries of their applications
used in Volume 9 are continued this year.  A data base is considered
to be an organized collection of machine-readable records containing
bibliographic and/or document-related data (e.g., index information).
The data bases that we will consider are used for information storage
and retrieval and/or research in information storage and retrieval or
data base generation.
  The choice of these constraints precludes coverage of several areas.  First,
data bases primarily concerned with numerical or other nonbibliographic
information, such as chemical structures, (Milen et al., 112) are excluded.
Thus, even though the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number
is a data element common to many bibliographic data bases, papers such as
that by CAS regarding progress in building the Registry System itself (39)
are excluded.  Similarly, though some textual and bibliographic material
is included in the Systems Consultants, Inc report (156) to the Navy, most
of the information retrieval is concerned with miniaturized hardware in a
shipboard environment and thus is not considered within the scope of this
chapter.  Finally, though many of the data bases are used for generation
of publications via phototypesetting, we are not considering that production
operation.
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.I 130
.T
Cooperation in Information Activities Through International Organizations
.A
Adams, S.
Werdel,J.A.
.W
  International cooperation in the processing, sharing, and transfer of
scientific and technical information takes many forms and can be
accomplished through many agencies.  This chapter proposes to review
the role played by international organizations in stimulating and
providing channels and mechanisms for such cooperation.  The international
organizations to be discussed are of two types: intergovernmental organizations
(IGOs), in which member nations participate through their governments under
formal treaties or agreements; and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
where, with some exceptions, participation is through national professional
societies or nongovernmental institutions.  The specialized agencies of the
United Nations, including UNESCO, fall in the first category; organizations
such as the International Federation for Documentation (FID) are in the
second.
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.I 131
.T
Introduction to the ADI Annual Review
.A
Cuadra, C.A.
.B
1966
.W
  Over the past 15 or 20 years, a new and growing field of inquiry
has begun to take shape.  This field, which will be referred to as "Information
Science and Technology," draws on fragments and fringes of a number
of sciences, technologies, disciplines, arts, and practices.  The element
that provides whatever degree of cohesiveness now exists in the field is a
shared deep concern with "information" - its generation, transformation,
communication, storage, retrieval, and use.
  Because of the universality of information processes, and also because
of the variety of backgrounds of those concerned with them, there is very
little agreement about the boundaries of Information Science and Technology,
or about its parentage, its essential nature, or its future.  To put it
simply, at the present time there is no clearly defined and well-understood
field of Information Science and Technology.  There is not, truth to tell,
even clear agreement on what the word "information" itself means and
particularly on whether it implies a creative act of the intellect or a
commodity that can be embodied in documents, transported, and exchanged.
Distressing as this ambiguity and lack of agreement may be, they need
not and do no preclude a constructive review of topics of current interest
to users, designers, and students of information systems and services.
The purpose of the ADI Annual Review series, initiated in this volume,
is to provide such a review.
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.I 132
.T
Information Needs and Uses in Science and Technology
.A
Menzel, H.
.W
The way in which scientists and engineers make use of the information
systems at their disposal, the demands that they put to them, the
satisfaction achieved by their efforts, and the resultant impact on their
further work are among the items of knowledge which are necessary for the wise
planning of science information systems and policy.  Besides, these
matters can be of great significance to the behavioral scientist interested
in human organization and communication.  While "user studies" have
not yet gone very far in serving either of these functions, the end of 1963
seems to have been something of a take-off point for empirical research
on the information needs and uses of scientists and technologists.  For
this first volume of the Annual Review, we shall therefore cover studies that
made their appearance as far back as the last month of 1963, to give the
reader a rounded picture of a period during which this area of research
has witnessed progress along the following lines:
    Substantial advances in the more systematic and fruitful application
  of a technique (critical incidents) that had made its appearance in
  this field earlier in less rigorous forms;
    The introduction of at least two very promising approaches (solution
  development records; comparison of research teams working on identical
  tasks) quite different from any that had been applied to this field before; 
  and
    An increase in the number of efforts at comprehensive study of the
  information-flow situation in given disciplines, one of which [American
  Psychological Association (3)] has become the model and envy of research
  in this area.
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.I 133
.T
The Annual Review of Information Science and Technology
.A
Cuadra, C.A.
.B
1967
.W
  This volume is the second in a series of Annual Reviews of progress in the
field of Information Science and Technology.  Like its predecessor, it 
attempts to describe, compare, and evaluate the most significant work that
has been reported in the field during the past year.  The effort has been
undertaken in the belief that such taking stock of accomplishments provides
a valuable service to the specialists in the information science field.
   The chapters on New Techniques for Publication and Distribution of
Information, on New Developments in Chemical Documentation, and on Applications
in Medicine.

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.I 134
.T
Evaluation of Information Systems and Services
.A
Rees, A.M.
.W
  This chapter summarizes and discusses the present state of the art in
testing and evaluation.  Three tasks will be undertaken: to outline in
some detail the few substantive research projects involving testing and
evaluation, to describe a number of research projects in areas cognate to
testing and evaluation, and finally, to provide some general conclusions
with respect to past and future activity.  Although a distinction is made
in this review between laboratory-based experimentation and tests of
operational systems, the methodology used in each instance is substantially
the same.  As yet, no full-scale and elaborate field approach has been
attempted.
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.I 135
.T
Design of Information Systems and Services
.A
Borko, H.
.W
  This review has selected for emphasis reports on concepts of systems
analysis and on the procedures for applying these concepts to the design
of information systems.  Literature dealing with the automation of libraries
and information centers has been explicitly excluded, while material on
user studies, file organization, evaluation, etc., is only mentioned briefly
since it is covered more thoroughly in other chapters.
  The selected, relevant, and available literature that has been published
in the last year or so is organized into four groups as follows:
     1. Articles that help define the process of systems analysis and
     the relationship to information science.
     2. Articles that describe the concepts of systems analysis as
     applied to the analysis and design of information systems.
     3. Articles primarily concerned with the design of document
     storage and retrieval systems.
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.I 136
.T
The Annual Review of Information Science and Technology
.A
Cuadra, C.A.
.B
1968
.W
  The Annual Review of Information Science and Technology is now in its
third year.  Like its two predecessors, this volume attempts to describe and
evaluate the most significant work that has been reported in the field
during the past year, with the ultimate aim of improving both our standards
and our means of professional communication.
  The field of information science and technology continues to evolve and
grow.  As it does, new areas of interest emerge and established areas of
interest change in importance.  Accordingly, our pattern of coverage
changes.  The single chapter on Automation in Libraries and Information
Centers, in Volume 2, has been expanded into two chapters, one covering 
automation of technical processes and the other covering document
networks, and a new chapter has been added on information system
applications in education.  Such applications are important not just because
they involve, in part, libraries and other information facilities but
because they highlight innovative ideas and techniques that should be of
value to anyone interested in the total communication process.
   At the same time, "core" chapters of the review are continued:  information
needs and uses; content analysis, specification, and control; file organization
and search; publication and distribution techniques; automated language
processing; man-machine communication; information system design and evaluation;
and professional aspects of information science.
These topics are of continuing and vital interest to our readers, and their
annual literature is significant, large, and growing.
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.I 137
.T
Information Needs and Uses
.A
Paisley, W.J.
.W
  Information science meets behavioral science in the study of information
needs and uses.  At first, the meeting of these fields was inconclusive.  Until
the mid-1960's, there were only a few substantial studies of information
needs and uses.  Since about 1963, however, a significant literature has
grown rapidly.
  There is evidence now of a productive entente between the fields.
When information scientists see reliable, valid, and nontrivial data on
users' behavior, they begin to use behavioral criteria in evaluating
information system performance.  When behavioral scientists glimpse the
full complexity of dissemination, documentation, storage, and retrieval
processes, they offer fewer naive solutions to "the information problem."
  This mutual education and accommodation will undoubtedly continue.
Information science and behavioral science need each other.  Big Science
needs them both.
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.I 138
.T
The Annual Review of Information Science and Technology
.A
Cuadra, C.A.
.B
1969
.W
  This, the fourth volume of the Annual Review of Information Science and
Technology, is both like and unlike its predecessors.  The basic objective -
to provide the most comprehensive and technically sound progress review
ever prepared in the information science field - remains the same, as do the
basic areas of interest and coverage.  Too, the primary emphasis continues
to be on published literature and reports, to permit the reader to identify,
locate, and examine interesting and important sources of information
about various aspects of our technical progress.
  Some new areas of growing importance are introduced this year.  For the
first time, a chapter on reprography and microfilm technology and one on
the international aspects of information transfer have been included.  Also,
the topics of document dissemination and the secondary services, usually
covered in parts of other chapters, have full and separate chapters this
year.  Another change, made in response to suggestions from readers for better
signposts within each volume, is the division of the book into several
major segments, each introduced by a short description of the contents of
the section, the relationships among the chapters within it, and, in some
instances, one or two highlights of the year's technical progress.
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.I 139
.T
Information Needs and Uses
.A
Allen, T.J.
.W
  Previous authors in this series, writing on this subject, have usually felt 
it necessary to begin with a statement concerning the state of the
methodology of "user" studies.  They have, for the most part, found it
improved over the past, and this year is no exception in that regard.
There remains, however, the tendency on the part of many who are untrained
in social science methodology to assume that the art of questionnaire design
and administration is a very simple one that anyone with intelligence can
master in a single attempt.  One never realizes how truly wrong this view is
until he finds himself the author of a review chapter and is then confronted
with the sort of trivia that many authors submit as research papers. 
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.I 140
.T
Annual Review of Information Science and Technology
.A
Cuadra, C.A.
.B
1970
.W
  The field of information science and technology continues to grow
and, as it grows, to show new emphases and explore new areas of interest.
Volume 5 reflects these changes.  The increasing interest in
and movement toward library networks and other cooperative,
technology-supported information activities have helped to focus
special attention not only on data processing and microfilm technology,
the two traditional mainstays of library and document-handling systems,
but also on the rapidly developing capabilities in modern tele-communications.
Thus, a chapter on communication technology has appeared, for the first
time, to bring readers up to date on changes in the communications industry
that have had or will have a great impact on how we design and use
information-handling systems.
  Two other first-time chapters cover management information systems
and information systems in state and local government.  While
the intent behind the development of such systems, and the kinds of
services they provide, is peripheral to the purposes and services of
library and document-handling systems, one often sees in these peripheral
areas some information parallels.  Indeed, one of the reasons for the
Annual Review's covering one or more of these areas each year is to
help its readers exploit more fully the thinking and the problem-solving
techniques they are fostering.
.X
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.I 141
.T
Application of Computer Technology to Library Process: a syllabus
.A
Becker, J.
.W
  The application of computer technology to library and
network processes and services is not an end in itself, but
rather a means of narrowing the gap between the demand
for library services and the ability of libraries to provide
those services.  Libraries have assumed the active role of
serving the informational, educational and recreational needs
of the population.  The size of that population grows constantly,
its educational level keeps climbing, and its percentage of
leisure time is increasing.
  The application of computer technology to libraries,
especially to the manipulation of bibliographic records in
the performance of library functions, is a complex process
and demands the highest level of talent of both the library
and computer professions for its accomplishment.  It cannot be
accomplished by either profession alone; rather, the design
of a library system is a team effort between librarians,
computer system analysts, and programmers.  Even a
limited effort demands careful long-term planning if it is to
fit with later efforts into a cohesive whole.  The smallest
project will affect nearly all operations of the library.  For
these reasons it is necessary that all library staff have at
least a general overview of what library automation is all
about.
.X
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.I 142
.T
Archives and Library Relations
.A
Clark, R.C.
.W
  A distinct characteristic of man is the need to communicate and
record knowledge.  The tools of communication have ranged from clay to
satellites.  Civilized societies have taken great pains to place recorded
knowledge in safe places and create archives and libraries for this
purpose.
  The importance of recorded knowledge for survival and progress is
constantly being elevated as more and more information is presented.
Without information and its necessary control, a society is not only
stagnant, but regressive.  With social memory, preserved and controlled
by archives and libraries, a society is able to evolve to whatever future it
is destined to experience in an ever-changing environment.
  Archives were the forerunners of libraries.  The ancient archives
contained the best of society's accumulated knowledge; and as nations
grew in wealth and security, archives and libraries become symbols of a
country's aspiration to create a better society.  Today, archives and
libraries are necessities.  These cultural institutions pass information to
succeeding generations in a variety of forms of distributable media.  In this
way, archives and libraries preserve the memory of civilization and pass
this memory on to living individuals.  The materials in these institutions
contain the written and graphic record of social memory and human
heritage and provide society with information on which to base actions,
develop policies, ascertain rights, educate, and entertain.
.X
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.I 143
.T
The Area Specialist Bibliographer: an inquiry into his role 
.A
Stuart, R.D.
.W
  It is the intent of this volume to develop a model designed
to eliminate present difficulties and ambiguities and
to improve administrative procedures for future development
of area programs.  This will be accomplished by giving
some indication of the climate of opinion toward area specialist
bibliographers and by isolating factors which influence
these opinions.  These attitudes will be presented by the
perceptions of area bibliographers toward their role and the
expectations of faculty and library administrators toward that
role.  The bibliographer's academic, professional, and
educational experience will be examined in this framework.
.X
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.I 144
.T
The Art of Computer Programming
.A
Knuth, D.E.
.W
  The process of preparing programs for a digital computer is especially
attractive because it not only can be economically and scientifically
rewarding, it can also be an aesthetic experience much like composing
poetry or music.  This book is the first volume of a seven-volume set
of books that has been designed to train the reader in the various skills
which go into a programmer's craft.
.X
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.I 145
.T
ASIDIC Survey of Information Center Services
.A
Williams, M.E.
.W
     The data in that survey covered the year 1971.  Many recipients
of the 1972 document have requested updated information.  Accordingly,
the ASIDIC Cooperative Data Management Committee initiated a new survey.
The questionnaires were mailed out in January of 1975 and responses
came in throughout the year.  Questionnaires were sent to all member
organizations of ASIDIC and EUSIDIC.  Questionnaires were also sent
to individual members of ASIS SIG/SDI and SIG/UOI.
     Responses received throughout 1975 were checked and tabulated in
1976.  Because of the time delay in producing the final compilation
the reader is warned against using this survey as an up-to-date source
for information as to which centers are processing which data bases.
     Of the 116 responding organizations 75 process data bases and
41 use data base services either as end users or as brokers.  Of the 75
that process data bases (i.e., spin tapes) 51 (68%) are members of ASIDIC
and/or EUSIDIC.  This survey provides representative data for data base
processing organizations.  The use of online search services was
relatively new in 1974 hence data regarding online users would not be
representative of the 1976 online situation.
.X
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.I 146
.T
The Testing of Index Language Devices
.A
Cleverdon, C.W.
Mills, J.
.W
  In this paper we set out the fundamental operations involved
in compiling and using an index, show how the various factors can
influence the operating efficiency, and consider the methods to
be used in the present Aslib Cranfield investigation.
.X
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.I 147
.T
Research on Users' Needs: Where is it Getting Us?
.A
Hanson, C.W.
.W
  Since Bernal made his pilot survey of the use of scientific literature
for the 1948 Royal Society Scientific Information Conference, at least
three dozen other investigations have been reported of the needs of
scientists and engineers for information, of their information gathering
habits, and the use to which they put information.
  Some of these have been concerned with the people in individual
organizations, but have implications elsewhere.  Others, including
Aslib's own investigations, have had wider aims.  Some have been
based upon observations and records of what the scientists and
engineers themselves did or said, and some upon records of the demands
they made upon libraries.  There have been both surveys of opinions,
and collections of facts.
.X
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.I 148
.T
Fair (Fast Access Information Retrieval) Project; 
Aims and Methods
.A
Pickford, A.G.A.
.W
  I am going to describe in general terms a research project
which has been established to explore some of the problems of
the use of the literature, particularly in the field of
Biomedical Engineering of the National Institute for Medical
Research (Hampstead Laboratories).  The project is scheduled
to last for three years, and like most research, consists of
a number of overlapping stages.  We have reached the stage now
of having acquired sufficient equipment and data to start trying
out some of our ideas.
.X
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.I 149
.T
The Cranfield Tests on Index Language Devices
.A
Cleverdon, Cyril
.W
   The investigation dealt with the effect which different devices have on the
performance of index languages.. It appeared that the most important 
consideration was the specificity of the index terms; within the context of the
conditions existing in this test, single-word terms were more effective than 
concept terms or a controlled vocabulary..
.X
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.I 150
.T
Current Awareness Searches on CT, CBAS and ASCA
.A
Abbot, M.T.J.
Hunter, P.S.
Simkins, M.A.
.W
  During the past year we have been one of the organizations
participating in the Chemical Society's experiment on the use
of routine computer searches of Chemical Titles (CT) and Chemical-
Biological Activities (CBAC) for current awareness.  For some
time we have also been subscribing to the Automatic Subject Citation
Alert (ASCA), which is produced by the Institute for Scientific
Information as a by-product of the Science Citation Index.  These
three sources differ in their scope and methods, but share the
same ultimate objective of providing a computer-based current
awareness service.
  CT covers journals in all branches of chemistry, but provides only
authors and titles, the latter translated into American and edited by 
breaking down complex words so that word fragments can be retrieved.
CBAC covers only papers on the interaction of chemical compounds with
biological systems, but provides abstracts which are available for
computer search.  The computer can also search for molecular
formulae and for Chemical Abstracts registry numbers of all
compounds included in the abstracts.  ASCA in its original form
was based on citations: the search profile can consist of a list of
references to older work, and the output is then a list of new papers
citing this work.  Last spring ASCA introduced a 'term search', which
is a search for words in the titles of current papers and is therefore
analogous to a CT search.
  This paper discusses and compares the results we have obtained so
far with these three services, and the potential use of systems of
this type.
.X
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.I 151
.T
Thesaurus Compilation Methods:  A Literature Review
.A
Blagden, J.F.
.W
  This review has been sponsored by the Office for Scientific
and Technical Information and the end product of the complete
research will be a thesaurus of management terms.  Parallel research
in the business management area and also supported by OSTI is being 
conducted by David Dews, Librarian of the Manchester Business School,
and K.D.C. Vernon, Librarian of the London Graduate School of
Business Studies.  As Mr. Vernon is at present engaged in the
construction of a faceted classification scheme for management,
this investigation has concentrated on the possibility of utilizing
faceted techniques to construct such a thesaurus.
  A study of existing information retrieval systems in the
management field has already been made, so a decision to adopt
some form of post-co-ordinate indexing was assumed.  Thus a comparative
study of other systems will not be attempted.  A decision has also
already been made that a controlled vocabulary, i.e. a thesaurus,
was eventually going to be developed despite the latest Cranfield
results that appear to provide evidence of the superiority of
natural language over controlled vocabularies.  This was primarily
because these results were restricted to tests on an aeronautical
collection, and it may well be that the natural language of this
discipline is in itself a fairly controlled one, which is
certainly not the case with the rather 'soft' language of
management.  This is borne out to some extent by Halkin, who
quotes relevance figures for coordinate indexing applied to organic
chemistry (55 percent), engineering (35 percent), and social
science (20 per cent).
  Machine methods of term generation as described by Ovchinnikov,
Mastermann and Luhn will not be considered, as there is no equipment
available to prepare thesauri on the lines these authors suggest.
.X
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.I 152
.T
Organizational Aspects of Information Flow in Technology
.A
Allen, T.J.
.W
  For about five years now a small group of us at MIT
have been conducting a series of investigations into the
information needs of technologists, the manner in which
these needs are presently met, the relation between
various ways of fulfilling information needs and technological
performance, and the nature of factors which determine the ways
in which information needs will be fulfilled.
.X
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.I 153
.T
Criteria for Evaluating Technical Library Effectiveness
.A
Wessel, C.J.
.W
  In July 1966 John I. Thompson & Company accepted a contract with the
Picatinny Arsenal, US Department of the Army, to perform a study aimed
at developing 'Criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of library
operations and services' under the ATLIS Program (Army Technical
Library Improvement Studies).  The study was divided into three
phases aimed at:
    I A Literature search to reflect the current 'state-of-the
      art' covering library standards and the methods of evaluating
      libraries developed up to the present.
   II A phase in which to gather and evaluate any data required from
      Army Technical Libraries, from available surveys already
      published, or from any other sources, by which to develop
      criteria.
  III A phase in which to establish and validate the criteria.
  Phases I and II of the study are now complete.  Phase III is in progress
and is expected to be completed by the late fall of 1968.  The reports of
Phases I and II are already available for detailed study and that of
Phase III will be available soon.  The purpose of this paper is to present
some of the findings of the study.
.X
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.I 154
.T
The UDC in its International Aspects
.A
Lloyd, G.A.
.W
  Universal Decimal Classification - dying duck or live bird? - or some
such title - was suggested to me, but this is highly debatable, and there will
hardly be time for the duck-shooters to develop a concerted onslaught in the
half-hour or so allowed us for discussion.  Besides, I hope to be able to
convince you - if the BSI's fine efforts have not already done so - that the
UDC is by no means the dying duck - certainly not the dead duck - that some of
its severest critics seem to imagine.  Perhaps the bird has ceased to soar as
it once did in the times of Otlet, La Fontaine, Bradford and Donker Duyvis, but
that it is still viable in the turbulent air of current documentation may be
gauged from a recent FID inquiry aimed at obtaining figures for the
distribution of UDC editions and an approximate estimate of the number of
users throughout the world.
.X
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.I 155
.T
Subject Relations in Science/Technology Literature
.A
Earle, P.
Vickery, B.
.W
  The analysis of citations has often been employed to indicate the use
of the literature of science and technology.  Citation is only an indicator
of use, not an accurate measure, and like all such indicators has defects.
Differences between indicators have been discussed elsewhere.
  Despite these defects, an examination of citations does enable one to
sample acts of literature use within a large community.  The study reported
here was directed, in fact, to all United Kingdom authors of science/
technology publications in a given year, and because of its width, and the type
of analysis performed, is considered to be worth reporting.  The study was
primarily undertaken to obtain comparable information about social science
literature, and this has been reported elsewhere.
.X
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.I 156
.T
Letter to the Editor:  Assessment of Information Services
.A
Davison, P.s.
.W
  May we please raise four questions which are important at the present time
when government policy on information retrieval is being considered? These
arise from results recently produced by SDC which are germane to Dr.
Somerfield's paper on 'Computer-based Information Services' (Aslib
Proceedings, 20, 12, 542-50 (1968)), and to OSTI's work in this field.
  The SDC is making comparisons of the efficiency of various published
indexes and other sources of scientific information and the first results
of rigorously checked comparisons are becoming available for a case study
on the subject of 'Computers Related to Mass Spectrometry'.  This results
from an extensive literature search prepared by combining and collating
results of searches in twelve of the world's major indexes to chemistry and
spectroscopy, including searches of SDC's own data bank files.  Nearly
two hundred unique references on 'Computers Related to Mass Spectrometry'
were found and are being checked individually for relevance going back
to the original paper or asking expert opinion where necessary.
.X
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.I 157
.T
On the Design of Information Systems for Human Beings
.A
Line, M.B.
.W
  Planning of any kind can be motivated by a pressing practical problem which
has to be solved - for example, an increasing number of people may have to be
housed in the same area; or by a long-term idealistic vision; or by both
(the idealist seeing the long-term implications of an immediate problem).  In
short-term planning, the danger exists that the more technical problems may be
solved, without attention to their implications for human beings; to take
my housing example, higher and higher flats may be built, without considering
the possible effects (e.g. the effect on social groupings).  In long-term
planning, Utopian or ideological blueprints may be produced.
.X
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.I 158
.T
Standard Costing for Information Systems:
Background to a Current Study
.A
Robertson, S.E.
Reynolds, R.
Wilkin, A.P.
.W
  For some time past, interest has been developing within the Aslib Research
Department in the problems of establishing standard costs for information
systems.  A literature search recently conducted by the Department (R.
Reynolds) has revealed a scarcity of usable information on this subject:
such data as is available is difficult to evaluate comparatively because
of the differing definitions of the operations costed and of the terms used to
describe them.  It would seem, therefore, that a first step towards developing
a costing method of widespread application would be the establishment of
standard conventions for the analysis of information systems.
  One might postulate two possible ways of arriving at comparative costs for
these systems, namely:
(a) General survey method:  The overall costs of a large number of information
    systems are broken down into a small number of categories, and analysed
    for correlation (see, for example, C.J. Wessel et al).
(b) In-depth study:  A small number of systems are studied in detail in an
    attempt to establish the true sources of the costs and factors affecting
    them.
  In a current project, we are attempting to apply method (b) to the production
of current-awareness bulletins.  An outline of some of the preliminary work in
this project follows.
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.I 159
.T
An Information Retrieval Language for MARC
.A
Austin, D.
.W
  I see from the programme that I am supposed to talk on an information  
language for MARC, and it is true that the work I have been doing for the past
year or so has been under the auspices of the MARC Project.  But the subject
indexing system we have developed is concerned as much with BNB's plans for
computer production from 1971 as with the MARC tapes as such, and I hope to
show that we have also gone some way towards developing a compatible
general system with even wider application.  Before coming to this, however, it
is necessary to describe briefly some of the day to day pressures of work which
caused BNB to look to the computer for help.  From this we can see how the
computer forced us to reconsider our whole approach to subject indexing.
.X
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.I 160
.T
Analysis and Organization of Knowledge for Retrieval
.A
Farradane, J.E.L.
.W
  In a university, the mode of research is usually what is called 'pure' or
'basic' research; since I am keeping in mind primarily the applications of
information science, I will prefer the word 'basic', although there is not so 
much difference.  In such research, and really in any good research, one should
not be collecting data haphazardly.  One must isolate and define a problem and,
as far as possible, control other conditions so that interfering factors are
eliminated.  Preferably one will narrow down the problem to manageable
proportions.  It is then essential to approach the problem with some sort of
hypothesis or theory of the situation, and to concentrate on obtaining
evidence for or against that hypothesis.  The important task is to devise just 
that crucial experiment which will give the answer as efficiently as possible.
If the answer disproves the hypothesis, one has at least further evidence upon
which to construct a different hypothesis; if it confirms the hypothesis, one
is ready for a further step forward, and so on.  Research is easier in a
fully controlled and reproducible situation; in a biological or human
situation one must often have recourse to statistical methods, but this does
not alter the general methodology.  On the whole, I find a clear methodology
lacking in much that is being done in the field of information science today.
.X
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.I 161
.T
User Studies:  A Review of the Literature from 1966 to 1970
.A
Wood, D.N.
.W
  My terms of reference when asked to prepare this review of user studies were
to bring Fishenden's work up to date.  This was published in the Journal of 
Documentation in September 1965 and in his paper he looks at a limited number
of British use studies and draws some broad general conclusions relating to the
development of a national information service.  The present paper which covers
the literature back to the beginning of 1966 is somewhat more detailed.  It
considers a wide range of investigations into the information gathering habits 
of scientists, engineers, social scientists and others, and reports results 
which it is hoped will provide managers with information on which to develop
policies regarding library and information services at all levels.  Although
an increasing number of studies is being carried out in Eastern Europe and
in the USSR there has been no major work reported and consequently the review
considers mainly British and American investigations.
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.I 162
.T
Library and Information Science Abstracts: The First Two Years
.A
Gilcrist, A.
Presanis, A.
.W
  With the thirteenth issue affected by the recent postal strike, now seems
an opportune moment to take a look at the performance of LISA in its first two
years.  This bi-monthly abstracts service succeeded the former Library Science
Abstracts in 1969 as a joint venture between the Library Association and Aslib.
A recount of its birth and a brief report on early progress both appeared in
1969.
.X
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.I 163
.T
The Information Uses and Needs of Social Scientists:
An Overview of INFROSS
.A
Line, M.B.
.W
  When INFROSS began in the autumn of 1967, although a large number of
studies had been conducted into the requirements of scientists for information,
very little had been done in the field of social science information.  There are 
a number of possible reasons for this.  Social scientists, faced with a much 
smaller total volume of information, were much less information-conscious and
less inclined to seek for solutions.  There are very few specialist libraries
in the social sciences, and few librarians were therefore confronted with
social scientists' information needs in the same way as librarians in 
scientific libraries were confronted with users and their problems.  Finally,
until OSTI came along there was little in the way of funds to support this
kind of research.  This almost total absence of previous research had its
disadvantages and advantages.  There were very few clues to guide us, and we
were therefore working to a certain extent in the dark.  On the other hand,
we had a clean and open field uncorrupted by confusing and non-comparable
studies.  There is something to be said for being one of the first in a field.
.X
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.I 164
.T
SDI:  Some Economic and Organizational Aspects
.A
Dammers, H.F.
.W
  In the context of the present symposium it would seem appropriate that
I should deal specifically with the economic aspects of Selective Dissemination
of Information (SDI) operation and use.  In my opinion the technical 
feasibility and merits of SDI have been adequately demonstrated; the main
barriers hindering general use, however, tend to be of an economic nature.
  At Shell Research in Sittingbourne we have been operating, since 1967, an
SDI service for the research staff and it has grown rapidly, particularly
since we started to use the CA Condensates tapes early in 1969.  In addition
to these tapes we are currently using the BA Previews tapes, AGDOC tapes
(prepared by ourselves using punched card input received from Derwent) and,
on an experimental basis, Toxitapes, produced by BIOSIS, Philadelphia.
All these tapes are searched locally, involving the running of around five
hundred profiles weekly.
.X
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.I 165
.T
The Theoretical Foundation of the IDC-system:  
Six Postulates for Information Retrieval
.A
Fugmann, Robert
.W
  Successful delegated searching for publications relevant to the topic of
an inquirer obeys rules whose relations to thermodynamics are unmistakable.
By the continuous growth of a documentation system in the physical and
conceptual respect, steadily increasing demands are made on the degree of order
which prevails in the system or can be established at the specific request of
an inquirer.  If the order in a system cannot keep pace with the increasing
requirements, its working capability will continuously decrease, because
the searcher is becoming more and more overburdened in relation to his
available search time, search patience, and search memory.  The degree of
order attainable in a growing literature collection can be estimated on the
basis of six postulates.  The better the requirements imposed by these
postulates are approximated in a practical documentation system, the higher
are its working capability and life expectancy, but the expenditure to be
made on the literature analyses must also inevitably be higher.
  The establishment of these postulates originated from practical experience
with the IDC-system and its precursors.  These postulates form the basis
of this system and of its further development.
.X
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.I 166
.T
The Future of Scientific and Technological Publications
.A
Smailes, A.A.
.W
  I am sure you do not need reminding of the flood of scientific information
that is available today and the estimates of its growth in the next two
decades.  In 1967, Olaf Helmer, then Senior Mathematician at the Rand
corporation, forecast that scientists and engineers would increase from
five million, in 1967, to twenty-five million by the year 2000 and their
total productivity would go up by a factor of ten.  He declined to assess
the associated growth of, and need for, scientific information but merely
stated that there would be substantial changes in the way in which science
would actually be transacted.  It is these 'substantial changes' that concern
the publisher, editor, information scientist and librarian, because if we
do not anticipate - or at least keep pace with these changes - then we will
not be able to meet the information needs of our readers and we will become
redundant.  Scientific information is a growing industry and it would be
ironic if we could not survive amid an abundance of information.  I regard
the chance to do something about the flow of information as a response to 
opportunity, not as an act of desperation.  The big problem is to sort out
what is pertinent among this information and, in this world of rapid change,
select and develop the technological devices that will match the needs of
the scientist to this mass of information.
.X
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.I 167
.T
Rationalization of Serial Holdings in Special Libraries
.A
Houghton, B.
.A
Prosser, C.
.W
   This paper describes progress which has been made toward the development of
a procedural model intended as a code of good practice to enable special 
librarians to effect economies in their journal holdings by systematically 
planned use of the BLL..
   A theoretical model suggested by B. C. Brookes was tested on various sets of 
usage data from seven special libraries but the results proved to be unrealistic
in terms of immediate provision to the user.. A new experimental approach has 
now been developed based on the total use versus total cost of a journal 
collection..
.X
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.I 168
.T
Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
.A
Chomsky, N.
.W
  The idea that a language is based on a system of rules determining
the interpretation of its infinitely many sentences is by
no means novel.  Well over a century ago, it was expressed with 
reasonable clarity by Wilhelm von Humboldt in his famous but
rarely studied introduction to general linguistics (Humboldt,
1836).  His view that a language "makes infinite use of finite
means" and that its grammar must describe the processes that
make this possible is, furthermore, a outgrowth of a persistent
concern, within rationalistic philosophy of language and mind,
with this "creative" aspect of language use (for discussion, see
Chomsky, 1964, forthcoming).  What is more, it seems that even
Panini's grammar can be interpreted as a fragment of such a
"generative grammar," in essentially the contemporary sense of
this term.
  This monograph is an exploratory study of various problems
that have arisen in the course of work on transformational grammar,
which is presupposed throughout as a general framework for the
discussion.  What is at issue here is precisely how this
theory should be formulated.  This study deals, then, with
questions that are at the border of research in transformational
grammar.  For some, definite answers will be proposed; but more
often the discussion will merely raise issues and consider possible
approaches to them without reaching any definite conclusions.
.X
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.I 169
.T
The Assault on Privacy
.A
Miller, A.R.
.W
  The genesis of this book can be traced to a telephone call I
received during the fall of 1966 from Dr. James G. Miller, then
Director of the University of Michigan's Mental Health Institute
and currently Vice President for Academic Affairs of Cleveland
State University.  He asked what I am sure he thought was a
relatively straightforward and easily answered question:  What
are the legal consequences of computerizing copyrighted materials?
On closer inquiry I discovered that Dr. Miller was exploring
the possibility of using computer technology to develop a national,
multi-media information network, that would electronically integrate
our colleges and universities, eventually providing each of them
a comprehensive and easily accessible pool of scholarly works and
educational services.  He subsequently sought to breathe life into
this idea of promoting the formation of an organization called the
Interuniversity Communications Council (EDUCOM).
.X
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.I 170
.T
An Assessment of Quality in Graduate Education
.A
Cartter, A.M.
.W
  Before this study was begun in the spring of 1964, serious deliberation
was given to the question of American Council of Education sponsorship of
an evaluation of selected graduate programs of major universities that
comprise an important segment of the Council's membership.  There was
never any question about the need for doing in a systematic and objective
way what necessarily goes on continually in any event, though usually
in a piecemeal and more impressionistic way.  Our Commission on Plans
and Objectives for Higher Education, and other leading educators consulted,
concluded that a thoroughgoing study should be made and that the Council's
aegis was a suitable one.
.X
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.I 171
.T
The Association of American Library Schools, 1915-1968:
An Analytical History
.A
Davis, D.G
.W
    The growth of professions has been one of the sociological
phenomena of the past century.  As the strength of
national professional associations of practitioners has increased,
concern with education for the professions has
prompted schools to develop standards and curricula to
support the preparation of practitioners.  During the half
century spanning 1900 the schools in many professions formed
national associations.  The Association of American Medical
Colleges, for example, was established in 1876.  Other professional
school associations followed:  engineering (1893), law (1900),
librarianship (1915), theology (1918), and social work (1919).
These associations, to cite a few, have developed in different ways
while conforming to general patterns and have reached various lvels
of influence in affecting professional education.
.X
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.I 172
.T
As We May Think
.A
Bush, V.
.W
  As Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development,
Dr. Vannevar Bush has coordinated the activities of some six
thousand leading American scientists in the application of
science to warfare.  In this significant article he holds up
an incentive for scientists when the fighting has ceased.  He
urges that men of science should then turn to the massive task
of making more accessible our bewildering store of knowledge.
For years inventions have extended man's physical powers rather than
the powers of his mind.  Trip hammers that multiply the fists,
microscopes that sharpen the eye, and engines of destruction and
detection are new results, but not the end results, of modern
science.  Now, says Dr.Bush, instruments are at hand which, if properly
developed, will give man access to and command over the inherited
knowledge of the ages.  The perfection of these pacific instruments
should be the first objective of our scientists as they emerge from
their war work.  Like Emerson's famous address of 1837 on "The
American Scholar," this paper by Dr. Bush calls for a new relationship
between thinking man and the sum of our knowledge. - The Editor
.X
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.I 173
.T
Authoritarian Personality
.A
Adorno, T.W.
.W
  This is a book about social discrimination.  But its purpose is not
simply to add a few more empirical findings to an already extensive body
of information.  The central theme of the work is a relatively new
concept - the rise of an "anthropological" species we call the
authoritarian type of man.  In contrast to the bigot of the older style
he seems to combine the ideas and skills which are typical of a highly 
industrialized society with irrational or anti-rational 
beliefs.  He is at the same time enlightened and superstitious, proud
to be an individualist and in constant fear of not being like all the others,
jealous of his independence and inclined to submit blindly to power
and authority.  The character structure which comprises these conflicting
trends has already attracted the attention of modern philosophers and
political thinkers.  This book approaches the problem with the means of
socio-psychological research.
.X
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.I 174
.T
Automated Language Processing
.A
Borko, H.
.W
  The idea for Automated Language Processing was suggested in 1964 at a
time when the research efforts in information storage and retrieval were
expanding at System Development Corporation.  Many people in the company
were directly interested in this area, and an even larger group had interests
that were tangentially related.  A quick and effective means of acquainting
them with the state-of-the-art was needed, but no convenient compilation
of relevant material was available.  It was agreed that a book on the
theory and techniques of information storage and retrieval procedures would
be a worthwhile project for the language processing staff to undertake.
Although no one member could reasonably be expected to cover the entire
range of technical developments in this field, the staff as a whole is
concerned with most phases of the work.  This is attested by the fact that
all but one of the chapter authors were connected with SDC either as
employees or consultants.  The single exception is Pendergraft, for SDC
has had no sustained project in machine translation.  SDC Management was
enthusiastic in its support of the new project.
.X
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.I 175
.T
Automatic Information, Organization and Retrieval
.A
Salton, G.
.W
  Information retrieval is a field concerned with the structure, analysis,
organization, storage, searching, and retrieval of information.
  This book deals with the computer processing of large information
files, with special emphasis on automatic text handling methods.
Described in particular are procedures for dictionary construction and
dictionary look-up, statistical and syntactic language analysis methods,
information search and matching procedures, automatic information 
dissemination systems, and methods for user interaction with the 
mechanized system.  As such, the text includes elements of linguistics,
mathematics, and computer programming.
.X
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420	2	175
422	2	175
422	2	175
446	2	175
448	2	175
448	2	175
455	2	175
455	2	175
455	2	175
455	2	175
456	2	175
458	2	175
458	2	175
458	2	175
458	2	175
458	2	175
458	2	175
458	2	175
458	2	175
458	2	175
458	2	175
458	2	175
459	2	175
464	2	175
466	2	175
471	2	175
471	2	175
476	2	175
477	2	175
478	2	175
479	2	175
479	2	175
480	2	175
480	2	175
481	2	175
481	2	175
482	2	175
483	2	175
483	2	175
483	2	175
483	2	175
484	2	175
484	2	175
484	2	175
485	2	175
485	2	175
486	2	175
486	2	175
487	2	175
488	2	175
488	2	175
488	2	175
489	2	175
491	2	175
493	2	175
499	2	175
494	2	175
498	2	175
498	2	175
500	2	175
501	2	175
502	2	175
503	2	175
503	2	175
503	2	175
503	2	175
503	2	175
507	2	175
509	2	175
509	2	175
509	2	175
509	2	175
509	2	175
510	2	175
512	2	175
514	2	175
514	2	175
516	2	175
517	2	175
517	2	175
517	2	175
519	2	175
520	2	175
520	2	175
522	2	175
522	2	175
527	2	175
527	2	175
527	2	175
528	2	175
531	2	175
554	2	175
558	2	175
562	2	175
562	2	175
564	2	175
565	2	175
565	2	175
565	2	175
565	2	175
565	2	175
565	2	175
566	2	175
566	2	175
566	2	175
566	2	175
566	2	175
567	2	175
570	2	175
570	2	175
570	2	175
571	2	175
572	2	175
575	2	175
576	2	175
576	2	175
576	2	175
576	2	175
577	2	175
579	2	175
579	2	175
581	2	175
583	2	175
585	2	175
586	2	175
586	2	175
587	2	175
589	2	175
589	2	175
591	2	175
592	2	175
593	2	175
595	2	175
595	2	175
596	2	175
596	2	175
596	2	175
599	2	175
600	2	175
600	2	175
603	2	175
603	2	175
601	2	175
608	2	175
608	2	175
608	2	175
615	2	175
619	2	175
620	2	175
621	2	175
625	2	175
625	2	175
630	2	175
633	2	175
636	2	175
643	2	175
644	2	175
649	2	175
652	2	175
653	2	175
657	2	175
657	2	175
659	2	175
659	2	175
659	2	175
660	2	175
660	2	175
660	2	175
662	2	175
662	2	175
662	2	175
664	2	175
664	2	175
666	2	175
666	2	175
680	2	175
26	2	175
26	2	175
29	2	175
34	2	175
38	2	175
39	2	175
39	2	175
45	2	175
704	2	175
715	2	175
717	2	175
717	2	175
718	2	175
719	2	175
745	2	175
745	2	175
750	2	175
751	2	175
752	2	175
752	2	175
754	2	175
754	2	175
53	2	175
51	2	175
51	2	175
769	2	175
59	2	175
57	2	175
50	2	175
50	2	175
779	2	175
779	2	175
780	2	175
780	2	175
780	2	175
780	2	175
781	2	175
781	2	175
783	2	175
785	2	175
785	2	175
790	2	175
792	2	175
799	2	175
61	2	175
61	2	175
61	2	175
62	2	175
62	2	175
67	2	175
68	2	175
68	2	175
69	2	175
69	2	175
63	2	175
63	2	175
64	2	175
70	2	175
71	2	175
71	2	175
71	2	175
72	2	175
77	2	175
77	2	175
77	2	175
77	2	175
78	2	175
78	2	175
79	2	175
79	2	175
73	2	175
73	2	175
73	2	175
81	2	175
82	2	175
84	2	175
86	2	175
804	2	175
805	2	175
805	2	175
805	2	175
807	2	175
807	2	175
809	2	175
810	2	175
810	2	175
810	2	175
812	2	175
813	2	175
814	2	175
817	2	175
820	2	175
822	2	175
824	2	175
825	2	175
829	2	175
829	2	175
830	2	175
834	2	175
835	2	175
848	2	175
849	2	175
850	2	175
851	2	175
852	2	175
863	2	175
864	2	175
894	2	175
894	2	175
894	2	175
895	2	175
114	2	175
114	2	175
114	2	175
131	2	175
131	2	175
131	2	175
133	2	175
133	2	175
135	2	175
136	2	175
138	2	175
140	2	175
144	2	175
144	2	175
149	2	175
168	2	175
168	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
175	2	175
176	2	175
176	2	175
176	2	175
176	2	175
176	2	175
176	2	175
907	2	175
922	2	175
925	2	175
925	2	175
956	2	175
960	2	175
963	2	175
966	2	175
980	2	175
981	2	175
981	2	175
982	2	175
982	2	175
987	2	175
988	2	175
989	2	175
206	2	175
207	2	175
208	2	175
224	2	175
228	2	175
229	2	175
245	2	175
261	2	175
273	2	175
274	2	175
298	2	175
1025	2	175
1042	2	175
1042	2	175
1044	2	175
1044	2	175
1044	2	175
1044	2	175
1044	2	175
1044	2	175
1044	2	175
1045	2	175
1045	2	175
1046	2	175
1051	2	175
1051	2	175
1051	2	175
1080	2	175
1085	2	175
1086	2	175
1118	2	175
1118	2	175
1118	2	175
1144	2	175
1144	2	175
1144	2	175
1144	2	175
1152	2	175
1154	2	175
1175	2	175
1218	2	175
1218	2	175
1218	2	175
1219	2	175
1255	2	175
1265	2	175
1277	2	175
1280	2	175
1282	2	175
1285	2	175
1285	2	175
1287	2	175
1294	2	175
1294	2	175
1294	2	175
1294	2	175
1294	2	175
1298	2	175
1309	2	175
1307	2	175
1313	2	175
1323	2	175
1327	2	175
1327	2	175
1327	2	175
1327	2	175
1327	2	175
1327	2	175
1327	2	175
1327	2	175
1327	2	175
1327	2	175
1327	2	175
1327	2	175
1327	2	175
1327	2	175
1327	2	175
1327	2	175
1358	2	175
1381	2	175
1382	2	175
1399	2	175
1402	2	175
1405	2	175
1410	2	175
1410	2	175
1414	2	175
1415	2	175
1415	2	175
1417	2	175
1419	2	175
1419	2	175
1426	2	175
1427	2	175
1428	2	175
1443	2	175
1448	2	175
310	2	175
315	2	175
316	2	175
317	2	175
318	2	175
320	2	175
324	2	175
327	2	175
331	2	175
336	2	175
346	2	175
347	2	175
348	2	175
355	2	175
359	2	175
363	2	175
374	2	175
381	2	175
382	2	175
382	2	175
382	2	175
382	2	175
382	2	175
382	2	175
382	2	175
389	2	175
389	2	175
389	2	175
389	2	175
389	2	175
390	2	175
390	2	175
390	2	175
390	2	175
390	2	175
390	2	175
.I 176
.T
Automated Keyword Classification for Information Retrieval
.A
Sparck-Jones, K.
.W
  This book is primarily a research monograph, in which the discussion
of the main topics has been broadened so that they are related to their
surrounding context in information retrieval as a whole; it is not a
textbook, and no attempt has therefore been made to justify the choice
of topic, or account for the use of certain concepts, or to provide an
elementary description of either.  For instance in Chapter 1, it is assumed
that the reader is familiar with the idea of using keywords in information
retrieval: I have not considered the relation between this kind of
retrieval device and a controlled thesaurus or descriptor set, or that
between the use of simple class lists as document descriptions and the
use of descriptions with a syntactic structure, for example.  Equally,
in Chapter 2, I have made use of recall/precision ratios as a means of
characterising retrieval performance, without justification or argument;
but this does not mean that I am unaware of the difficulties of doing this,
or of the attention which has been devoted to, and controversy which has
raged round, this subject; it is simply that from the point of view of
my main purpose it is reasonable to use these ratios.
.X
419	2	176
419	2	176
419	2	176
434	2	176
446	2	176
448	2	176
448	2	176
458	2	176
458	2	176
480	2	176
483	2	176
483	2	176
484	2	176
486	2	176
488	2	176
488	2	176
488	2	176
491	2	176
493	2	176
499	2	176
500	2	176
503	2	176
507	2	176
509	2	176
509	2	176
509	2	176
509	2	176
510	2	176
512	2	176
517	2	176
517	2	176
520	2	176
522	2	176
522	2	176
527	2	176
527	2	176
528	2	176
531	2	176
565	2	176
565	2	176
565	2	176
565	2	176
565	2	176
566	2	176
566	2	176
570	2	176
572	2	176
576	2	176
577	2	176
577	2	176
581	2	176
595	2	176
596	2	176
596	2	176
596	2	176
596	2	176
603	2	176
608	2	176
608	2	176
619	2	176
633	2	176
644	2	176
659	2	176
659	2	176
660	2	176
660	2	176
661	2	176
662	2	176
662	2	176
664	2	176
26	2	176
30	2	176
715	2	176
754	2	176
51	2	176
51	2	176
51	2	176
57	2	176
57	2	176
785	2	176
790	2	176
61	2	176
69	2	176
71	2	176
71	2	176
75	2	176
77	2	176
77	2	176
79	2	176
73	2	176
805	2	176
809	2	176
810	2	176
810	2	176
812	2	176
812	2	176
812	2	176
813	2	176
813	2	176
814	2	176
814	2	176
817	2	176
824	2	176
824	2	176
825	2	176
830	2	176
870	2	176
894	2	176
894	2	176
114	2	176
144	2	176
168	2	176
175	2	176
175	2	176
175	2	176
175	2	176
175	2	176
175	2	176
176	2	176
176	2	176
176	2	176
176	2	176
176	2	176
176	2	176
176	2	176
176	2	176
176	2	176
176	2	176
176	2	176
176	2	176
176	2	176
176	2	176
176	2	176
176	2	176
928	2	176
963	2	176
990	2	176
991	2	176
1044	2	176
1051	2	176
1218	2	176
1255	2	176
1294	2	176
1307	2	176
1327	2	176
1327	2	176
1413	2	176
1414	2	176
1419	2	176
1427	2	176
1445	2	176
1448	2	176
315	2	176
327	2	176
329	2	176
363	2	176
382	2	176
.I 177
.T
Automation in Libraries
.A
Kimber, R.T.
.W
  My purpose in writing this book has been to try to give an understanding
of what automated systems can do in libraries today.  I have limited
myself strictly to those areas which are commonly termed "library
housekeeping" - the processes of book ordering and cataloguing,
periodicals accessioning and circulation control, whose purpose is to
make a library into an efficient machine for acquiring, storing, and
disseminating knowledge and information.  These are the processes
which can be automated here and now to improve the quality of
service which a library can give to its readers.  I hope that the
descriptions and explanations given here will be of assistance to librarians
in developing appropriate automated systems in their own libraries.
.X
406	2	177
408	2	177
408	2	177
458	2	177
471	2	177
24	2	177
75	2	177
78	2	177
80	2	177
849	2	177
852	2	177
853	2	177
854	2	177
855	2	177
897	2	177
177	2	177
177	2	177
177	2	177
177	2	177
177	2	177
177	2	177
177	2	177
916	2	177
979	2	177
984	2	177
281	2	177
287	2	177
1007	2	177
1011	2	177
1248	2	177
1327	2	177
1433	2	177
336	2	177
348	2	177
374	2	177
.I 178
.T
The Automation Survey: Background and Conclusions
.A
King, G.W.
.W
  During the past decade the Library of Congress, in
common with many other research libraries, has become
increasingly aware of pressures and strains in
many of its operations.  These areas of concern (well
known to librarians) include mounting arrearages in
cataloguing and other processing activities; increasing
complexity of manual inventory control files;
increasing difficulty in keeping card catalogues 
reasonably current and accurate; and
increasing demands for a wide variety of services
for a clientele whose needs for information
have grown tremendously since World War II,
and many of whom have only recently turned to
large research libraries for help.  Five years ago an
internal committee of the Library of Congress was
charged to study potential applications of electronic
data processing equipment to Library procedures;
subsequently representatives of three computer firms
made brief studies of Library operations which 
intimated that certain areas could benefit substantially
by automation.
.X
406	2	178
408	2	178
408	2	178
408	2	178
419	2	178
481	2	178
491	2	178
507	2	178
520	2	178
523	2	178
591	2	178
623	2	178
822	2	178
852	2	178
854	2	178
857	2	178
858	2	178
859	2	178
861	2	178
159	2	178
164	2	178
172	2	178
178	2	178
178	2	178
178	2	178
178	2	178
178	2	178
178	2	178
178	2	178
178	2	178
178	2	178
178	2	178
178	2	178
907	2	178
907	2	178
916	2	178
925	2	178
959	2	178
960	2	178
962	2	178
962	2	178
970	2	178
976	2	178
997	2	178
206	2	178
245	2	178
245	2	178
249	2	178
287	2	178
291	2	178
1007	2	178
1007	2	178
1011	2	178
1033	2	178
1043	2	178
1071	2	178
1252	2	178
1252	2	178
1317	2	178
1358	2	178
1371	2	178
1400	2	178
1400	2	178
1400	2	178
374	2	178
.I 179
.T
Automatic information, organization and retrieval
.A
Salton, G.
.W
    This book deals with the computer processing of large
information files, with special emphasis on automatic text handling methods.
Described in particular are procedures for dictionary construction and
dictionary look-up, statistical and syntactic language analysis methods,
information search and matching procedures, automatic information
dissemination systems, and methods for user interaction with the mechanized
system.  As such, the text includes elements of linguistics, mathematics,
and computer programming.
.X
464	2	179
509	2	179
539	2	179
562	2	179
564	2	179
566	2	179
566	2	179
572	2	179
659	2	179
664	2	179
683	2	179
30	2	179
853	2	179
179	2	179
179	2	179
179	2	179
179	2	179
179	2	179
179	2	179
179	2	179
179	2	179
179	2	179
179	2	179
179	2	179
179	2	179
179	2	179
179	2	179
180	2	179
1117	2	179
1118	2	179
1130	2	179
1136	2	179
1137	2	179
1138	2	179
1139	2	179
1140	2	179
1140	2	179
1327	2	179
317	2	179
363	2	179
.I 180
.T
Automated Information-Retrieval Systems (IRS)
.A
Belonogov, G.G.
.B
1973
.W
  It is easiest of all to apply mechanization and automation to the
transmission, accumulation and search of information.  Automation
can also be extended to cover some more complicated functions.  In
all of these cases, the results supplied by automatic devices are
analysed and decisions are taken usually by man.  Thus, the role of
machine is to considerably extend man's capabilities rather than to
completely replace man. 
  The automated systems intended to accumulate and search for information
have come to be called information-retrieval systems (IRS).  These
systems can also perform the simpler forms of data processing.
The physical facilities of these systems are communications equipment,
punched-card computers, microfilming equipment, and electronic computers,
the latter playing the most prominent part. 
.X
572	2	180
683	2	180
78	2	180
179	2	180
180	2	180
180	2	180
180	2	180
180	2	180
180	2	180
180	2	180
1139	2	180
1168	2	180
1171	2	180
1409	2	180
363	2	180
.I 181
.T
Medical School Library Statistics
.A
Keenan, E.L.
.W
  At the June 1962 Convention of the Medical Library Association in
Chicago, Illinois, Mr. Stanley Truelson, now Librarian of the University of
Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, circulated a petition
requesting the collection and publication of medical school library
statistics.  Forty-eight medical school head librarians signed the
petition indicating their approval, and a committee for this purpose was formed 
by Dr. Vilma Proctor, Chairman of the Medical School Libraries Group of
the Medical Library Association.
  This committee, composed of Mr. Truelson, Dr.Proctor, and myself,
studied the questionnaires already in use, such as that of the U.S. Office
of Education.  These were rejected as not meeting the needs of our
specialized group of libraries.  As a guide for selecting the terminology
in the questionnaire, we used the American Library Association's Definitions
for Library Statistics; a Preliminary Draft (Chicago, 1961).
  After several drafts, a sample questionnaire was approved by the
committee and distributed to all the medical school libraries in the United
States and Canada.  The Canadian medical school libraries were included
as a result of communications with Miss Doreen Fraser, Librarian of the
Bio-Medical Library of the University of British Columbia and Dr. J.
Wendell McLeod of the Association of Canadian Medical Colleges.
.X
415	2	181
31	2	181
36	2	181
41	2	181
46	2	181
748	2	181
760	2	181
767	2	181
774	2	181
778	2	181
891	2	181
891	2	181
891	2	181
181	2	181
181	2	181
181	2	181
181	2	181
181	2	181
182	2	181
182	2	181
183	2	181
183	2	181
184	2	181
184	2	181
193	2	181
195	2	181
198	2	181
905	2	181
952	2	181
953	2	181
964	2	181
968	2	181
201	2	181
201	2	181
203	2	181
204	2	181
206	2	181
207	2	181
207	2	181
208	2	181
208	2	181
205	2	181
217	2	181
269	2	181
1009	2	181
1018	2	181
1019	2	181
1240	2	181
1359	2	181
1397	2	181
1417	2	181
395	2	181
.I 182
.T
The Contemporary Medical Society Library
.A
Crawford, Susan
Michel, Carol
Waligorski, Conrad
.W
   Four hundred sixty-eight medical societies  in the United States were
surveyed to determine those which sponsor libraries.. Seventy-eight libraries
were identified, of which eighteen are "marginal" and nine are jointly
supported by a medical school and a society, leaving fifty-one relatively
"substantial" libraries whose major support is through society membership..
Characteristics measured include size of collection, types of media, staff,
budget, services, and sources of support.. Questions are raised concerning
the role of the medical library as one institution which participates in the
continuing education of the physician..
.X
415	2	182
31	2	182
36	2	182
41	2	182
46	2	182
760	2	182
767	2	182
774	2	182
778	2	182
891	2	182
891	2	182
891	2	182
181	2	182
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193	2	182
195	2	182
198	2	182
905	2	182
952	2	182
953	2	182
964	2	182
968	2	182
201	2	182
201	2	182
203	2	182
204	2	182
205	2	182
220	2	182
269	2	182
1009	2	182
1018	2	182
1019	2	182
1240	2	182
1359	2	182
1397	2	182
1417	2	182
395	2	182
.I 183
.T
Analysis of One Year's Circulation at the Downstate Medical Center Library
.A
Kovacs, Helen
.W
   A survey of the circulation of books and journals  at the Downstate Medical
Center Library was conducted, based on cancelled circulation cards accumulated
during a one-year period.. Analysis of the results shows the frequency of use
of various materials by several groups of borrowers and brings out important
differences between circulation of books and that of journals.. One of the
result was the compilation of a list of most frequently used journals.. The 
findings  are graphically represented by several tables and charts..
.X
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605	2	183
613	2	183
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638	2	183
31	2	183
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735	2	183
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747	2	183
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753	2	183
760	2	183
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766	2	183
766	2	183
767	2	183
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767	2	183
774	2	183
774	2	183
775	2	183
775	2	183
778	2	183
782	2	183
784	2	183
784	2	183
788	2	183
788	2	183
789	2	183
789	2	183
793	2	183
799	2	183
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89	2	183
89	2	183
90	2	183
97	2	183
800	2	183
800	2	183
808	2	183
808	2	183
828	2	183
891	2	183
102	2	183
111	2	183
112	2	183
115	2	183
132	2	183
137	2	183
139	2	183
152	2	183
155	2	183
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952	2	183
953	2	183
953	2	183
959	2	183
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968	2	183
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215	2	183
217	2	183
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220	2	183
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222	2	183
225	2	183
225	2	183
269	2	183
269	2	183
269	2	183
284	2	183
286	2	183
294	2	183
1009	2	183
1016	2	183
1018	2	183
1019	2	183
1023	2	183
1030	2	183
1055	2	183
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1055	2	183
1056	2	183
1071	2	183
1087	2	183
1090	2	183
1135	2	183
1151	2	183
1203	2	183
1240	2	183
1260	2	183
1275	2	183
1276	2	183
1278	2	183
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1286	2	183
1287	2	183
1302	2	183
1302	2	183
1335	2	183
1352	2	183
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1417	2	183
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1428	2	183
1432	2	183
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1451	2	183
1451	2	183
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395	2	183
.I 184
.T
How Biomedical Investigators Use Library Books
.A
Raisig, L. Miles
Smith, Meredith
Cuff, Renata
Kilgour, Frederick G.
.W
   Relatively few studies have been concerned with the use of biomedical
books.. This paper reports an investigation into use made of library books
by biomedical investigators.. Based on cancelled charge slips collected at the
Yale Medical Library circulation desk, telephone appointments were made to
interview those research investigators whose books has been returned the
previous day.. The interviewer obtained answers from the investigator to a
questionnaire to discover how the investigator had learned of a book, if the
book had been useful, and, if useful, how it had been used.. During the 
six-month study period, 30.4 percent of researchers' volumes returned were
monographs.. Almost four-fifths of books borrowed supplied information wanted,
and about four-fifths of books used had been printed in the previous decade..
Nine-tenths of the use of books was research-related, the other tenth being
for lecture preparation..
.X
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613	2	184
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57	2	184
774	2	184
775	2	184
778	2	184
778	2	184
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783	2	184
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89	2	184
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90	2	184
97	2	184
800	2	184
800	2	184
800	2	184
808	2	184
808	2	184
828	2	184
891	2	184
102	2	184
111	2	184
112	2	184
161	2	184
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233	2	184
267	2	184
269	2	184
269	2	184
284	2	184
286	2	184
294	2	184
1009	2	184
1016	2	184
1018	2	184
1019	2	184
1023	2	184
1030	2	184
1055	2	184
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1302	2	184
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1428	2	184
1432	2	184
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.I 185
.T
An Investigation of the Educational Needs of Health Sciences Library
Manpower:
  I. Definition of the Manpower Problem and Research Desing
.A
Kronick, David A.
Rees, Alan M.
Rothenberg, Lesliebeth
.W
   In order to plan adequately for education in health science librarianship
and to be able to project future demands and needs we need to know a great deal
more about existing  manpower in health science libraries.. This paper, the 
first in a series of reports on an investigation to gather this data, discusses
the research methodology and the development of an inventory of the institution
program population upon which the survey is based.. An analysis in terms of 
geographic location, type (educational, research, etc.), administrative 
control, and primary cognate area of these institutions is presented, and their
distribution through the various Regional Medical Library areas is noted..
Preliminary estimates are made, based on questionnaire to the libraries, on the
size of the library population, their relationship to reporting programs or
institutions, exclusive of the hospital population which is being covered in an
independent survey.. A questionnaire to library personnel is underway which
will establish, along with the other questionnaires, a basis for exploring the
relationships which exist between institutions or programs, libraries and
manpower..   
.X
36	2	185
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1397	2	185
.I 186
.T
An Investigation of the Educational Needs of Health Science Library
Manpower:
  II. Health-Related Institutions and Their Library Resources
.A
Rothenberg, Lesliebeth
Rees, Alan M.
Kronick, David A.
.W
   As part of an investigation of health sciences library manpower, the
universe of health-related institutions and programs (excluding hospitals) was
surveyed by postcard questionnaire to produce an inventory and description of
libraries providing services to these institutions reported access to library
resources, indicating usage of some 2,207 non-hospital libraries.. Eighty
percent (2,431) of the institutions reported that the library used was "within"
their own institution; 20 percent (608) noted that the library was "outside"
of their institution..
   The distribution of health-related institutions and libraries is shown by
RML districts, together with relevant census data.. A classification of
libraries, based on the degree of involvement of the libraries' facilities,
resources and personnel in supplying services to health-related institutions,
was developed..
   It is concluded that projections of manpower needs should take into account
institutions and programs not at present possessing health sciences libraries
as well as documented demand in existing health sciences libraries..

.X
891	2	186
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220	2	186
.I 187
.T
An Investigation of the Educational Needs of Health Sciences Library
Manpower:
   III. Manpower Supply and Demand in Health Sciences Libraries
.A
Rothenberg, Lesliebeth
.A
Kronick, David A.
.A
Rees, Alan M.
.W
   An investigation of the manpower requirements of health sciences libraries
and of educational programs appropriate to these manpower needs was begun in 
March 1968.. To data, 4,727 libraries have been identified as being used by
14,000 health sciences institutions and programs.. Of this total, 2,628 are 
hospital libraries; 1,328 are health sciences libraries; and 771 are academic 
or public libraries..
   Within these libraries some 14,938 persons are directly involved, either
full- or part-time, in the delivery of health sciences library services.. Of
the total work force, 5,861 persons are employed in hospital libraries and
9,077 are employed in health sciences libraries and collections.. The ratio
between professional and nonprofessional employees is 1:2; professional and
nonprofessional status was assigned by the chief librarian.. Survey data
indicate a 7 percent manpower shortage in positions classified as professional,
and a 3 percent shortage in positions classified as nonprofessional..
.X
185	2	187
185	2	187
185	2	187
185	2	187
185	2	187
186	2	187
186	2	187
186	2	187
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187	2	187
187	2	187
187	2	187
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188	2	187
.I 188
.T
An Investigation of the Educational Needs of Health Sciences Library
Manpower:
   IV. Characteristics of Manpower in Health Sciences Libraries
.A
Rothenberg, Lesliebeth
.A
Rees, Alan M.
.A
Kronick, David A.
.W
   A statistical description based on a mail survey of personnel in 2,099
health sciences libraries located outside of the hospital setting is reported..
Respondents to the survey were divided into three groups: professionals (those
possessing a graduate library degree); nonprofessionals (those not possessing
graduate library degree); and chief librarians (those responsible for a
library's operations).. Survey items dealt with education, sex, age, salary,
job mobility and preference for continuing education programs..
   Some 60 percent of the respondents were professionals; 40 percent were
nonprofessionals.. Seven hundred and twenty-eight chief librarians were 
identified in the population: 57 percent were professional librarians while
the remainder were without a graduate library degree.. Approximately 1/5
of all survey respondents were men.. The age distribution for the work force
tended to be bimodal, reflecting the career patterns of women and the later
entry of men into librarianship.. The annual salary for male professionals was
calculated at $12,732; for female professionals at $10,044; for male
nonprofessionals at $7,878; and for female nonprofessionals at $6,313.. Male
professionals were found to have the highest rates of job and geographic
mobility.. Conversely, female nonprofessionals were lowest in mobility.. In
expressing a preference for continuing education programs in library science,
professionals tended to request courses dealing with the organization of
libraries, health sciences institutions and their relationships, while 
nonprofessionals inclined towards courses in technical processing..
.X
185	2	188
185	2	188
185	2	188
186	2	188
186	2	188
186	2	188
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188	2	188
188	2	188
188	2	188
.I 189
.T
Selected list of Books and Journals for the Small Medical Library
.A
Brandon, Alfred N.
.W
   This updated list of 410 books and 136 journals is intended as a selection
aid for the small library of a hospital, medical society, clinic, or similar
organization.. Books and journals are arranged by subject, with the books 
followed by an author index, and the journals by an alphabetical title 
listing.. Items suggested for first purchase by smaller libraries are noted by
an asterisk..
   To purchase the entire collection of books and to pay for the annual
subscription costs of all the journals would require an expenditure of about
12,000.. To acquire only those items suggested for first purchase,
approximately $3,250 would be needed..
.X
415	2	189
415	2	189
415	2	189
748	2	189
767	2	189
775	2	189
87	2	189
821	2	189
189	2	189
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189	2	189
189	2	189
189	2	189
189	2	189
189	2	189
196	2	189
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952	2	189
201	2	189
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1071	2	189
1071	2	189
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.I 190
.T
MEDLINE Evaluation Study
.A
Moll, Wilhelm
.W
   MEDLINE (MEDLARS-ON-LINE) is the new on-line, interactive bibliographic
searching system which was recently developed by the National Library of 
Medicine.. The system provides users with lists of bibliographical citations
and other information from a three-year file of over 1,250 biomedical
journals.. A survey testing user reactions was conducted at the University of
Virginia Medical Library.. The results of the survey are based on replies by
246 users who requested one or more MEDLINE searches between September 1972 and
March 1973.. The findings indicate that over 93% believe that MEDLINE is a 
substantial improvement over the traditional methods of searching through the
printed indexes.. These respondents also stated that the results of MEDLINE
searches had assisted them in their clinical or research work, or both.. Asked
whether they would continue to use MEDLINE after the imposition of user charges
on July 1, 1973, about 75% said that they would.. The remaining 25% expressed
some reservation and doubts.. The survey gives reason to believe that with the
imposition of user charges the use of MEDLINE will decline..
.X
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484	2	190
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394	2	190
.I 191
.T
MEDLEARN: An Orientation to MEDLINE
.A
Soben, Phyllis
.A
Tidball, Charles s.
.W
   ***MEDLEARN***, an orientation to MEDLINE, was developed to educate members
of the biomedical community to become competent on-line searchers.. It appears
in two complementary forms: an interactive terminal presentation available on
the TYMSHARE Network and a supporting hard-copy manual which contains the
didactic portions of the computer program as well as additional items which are
not suitable for on-line presentation.. ***MEDLEARN***, a flexible instruction
tool, is divided into forty sections which may be selected in various sequences
depending on the user's previous experience.. Two MEDLINE simulations and
feedback sections after practice on MEDLINE provide motivation for continued
learning.. The orientation program was evaluated at several medical centers
with uniformly favorable results..
.X
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625	2	191
626	2	191
629	2	191
630	2	191
636	2	191
637	2	191
640	2	191
642	2	191
648	2	191
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708	2	191
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727	2	191
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731	2	191
732	2	191
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741	2	191
742	2	191
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743	2	191
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755	2	191
820	2	191
826	2	191
827	2	191
879	2	191
883	2	191
124	2	191
127	2	191
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902	2	191
211	2	191
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243	2	191
274	2	191
1004	2	191
1033	2	191
1035	2	191
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1091	2	191
1207	2	191
1264	2	191
1279	2	191
1284	2	191
1297	2	191
1303	2	191
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1356	2	191
1364	2	191
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1403	2	191
1457	2	191
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.I 192
.T
A Cooperative Serial Acquisition Program: Thoughts on a Response to
Mounting Fiscal Pressures
.A
Jones, C. Lee
.W
   A regionally cooperative method of distributing responsibility for every
serial title in a region is outlined.. The system assures the equitable
distribution of the number of titles for which each library is committed..
Later refinements suggest an equalization of cost commitments on the basis of
fiscal resources available for serial purchases.. It is pointed out that fiscal
realities will force some sort of serial acquisition cooperation for all viable
medical libraries..
.X
410	2	192
415	2	192
115	2	192
183	2	192
192	2	192
192	2	192
192	2	192
192	2	192
192	2	192
196	2	192
943	2	192
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215	2	192
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1302	2	192
.I 193
.T
Use of Medical and Biological Journals in the Yale Medical Library
.A
Kilgour, F.G.
.W
  This paper presents data for the end of 1960 on recorded use of some
two hundred of the most often used scientific and medical journals in the
Yale Medical Library.  The investigation was designed to identify the most
abundantly used titles of recent date of publication to guide the 
acquisition of multiple subscriptions.  At the same time data was collected
to distinguish heavily used back sets.
.X
415	2	193
543	2	193
545	2	193
552	2	193
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587	2	193
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605	2	193
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667	2	193
31	2	193
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41	2	193
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57	2	193
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294	2	193
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.I 194
.T
The Evaluation of Published Indexes and Abstract Journals:
      Criteria and Possible Procedures
.A
Lancaster, F.W.
.W
   This paper describes possible criteria by which the effectiveness of a
published index  may be evaluated and suggest procedures that might be used to
conduct an evaluation of a published index.. The procedures were developed for
the National Library of Medicine and relate specifically to the recurring
bibliographies produced by MEDLARS in various specialized areas of
biomedicine.. The methods described should, however, be applicable to other
printed indexes and abstract journals..
   Factors affecting the performance  of a published index are also discussed
and some research projects relevant to the evaluation of published indexes are
reviewed..
.X
401	2	194
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.I 195
.T
World Biomedical Journals, 1951-60:
     A Study of the Relative Significance of 1,388 Titles Indexed in
     Current List of Medical Literature
.A
Raisig, L. Miles
.W
   This study is an application of the relationship of serial articles
published to serial articles cited, developed in theory in the author's
"Statistical Bibliography in the Health Sciences" (BULLETIN 50: 450-461,
July 1962).. A ranked list of the indexes of significance of most of the
serials indexed in Current List of Medical Literature was derived and erected
from 21,000 citations secured in a random sampling of 1962 and 1961 biomedical
journals regularly received in the Yale Medical Library.. The author measures
the gross indexing effectiveness of Current List against his indexes of 
significance , offers his method  and results as means to reach objective
standards for indexing and abstracting, and projects his results  as measures
of general value of the serials analyzed..
.X
2	2	195
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.I 196
.T
Basic Journal List for Small Hospital Libraries
.A
Moll, Wilhelm
.W
   This Basic Journal List of forty-eight journal titles is intended as a 
selection guide for the librarian of the small hospitals.. It is based on a
survey of physicians in Virginia who were asked to review journal titles
contained in the 1967 edition of a list compiled by Mr. Alfred N. Brandon..
The List is designed for the library in a hospital of from 100 to 300 beds and
for the active clinician..
.X
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.I 197
.T
AIM-TWX service at the University of Virginia:
       A Review and Evaluation
.A
Moll, Wilhelm
.W
   The paper reviews the highlights of a four-week trial period (November 19 -
December 18, 1970) during which the Medical Library of the University of
Virginia experimented with a new remote-access bibliographical control and
retrieval system via its TWX machine.. The system, called AIM-TWX, was
sponsored by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications
and utilized a time-shared IBM 360/67 computer in Santa Monica, California..
Citations from 109 clinically-oriented  journals from 1966 to date, including
those currently included in the Abridged Index Medicus, may be retrieved
either on- or off-line..
   Various aspects of this service are described, including problems of
staffing, training, and record keeping, as well as the role of the MeSH
vocabulary which is the principle "language" of the man-computer dialog..
   The statistical results indicated that the system was used for approximately
200 minuted on nineteen days and that an average of sixteen searches were run
on any given day, or about 4.6 searches per hour of use.. In spite of an 
inexperienced staff who had little knowledge of the MeSH vocabulary and whose
training schedule was limited to one four-hour session, the experiment was
highly successful in terms of searches and citations..
   At the end of the period, 298 searches had been run for 114 requestors,
and  5,343 citations had been produced.. Only fifty-five searches yielded no 
citations.. The experiment generated a great deal of excitement and interest
among the staff of the Library and of the Medical Center.. Moreover, a large
number of medical practitioners in large and small communities  of Virginia
participated in this experiment, indicating that there exists a great demand
for this type of literature searching which AIM-TWX is able to provide with
great rapidity..
.X
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883	2	197
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129	2	197
161	2	197
190	2	197
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956	2	197
989	2	197
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243	2	197
1004	2	197
1035	2	197
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1207	2	197
1264	2	197
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1303	2	197
1327	2	197
1356	2	197
1364	2	197
1368	2	197
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1375	2	197
1376	2	197
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1405	2	197
307	2	197
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.I 198
.T
Choosing Physiology Journals
.A
Brodman, E.
.W
  For many years administrators of library collections have sought
objective criteria for assembling well-rounded periodical collections
in the subject fields represented by their collections.  The nearest
approach to any criterion which does away with the a priori knowledge
of the specialist was first suggested by Gross and Gross in 1927.  This
method consists, essentially, of counting the bibliographic citations at
the conclusions of the articles in a basic periodical of the field under
consideration, and of arranging the journals cited in order of the
frequency of their citation.  Thus, in the field of chemistry, the 
references in the Journal of the American Chemical Society are counted and
a list is made of the most frequently cited journals.  According to Gross
and Gross, the journals which are cited most frequently in the Journal of the
American Chemical Society are the most valuable journals for a library
to purchase in order to possess a well-rounded collection in chemistry.
  Although the Gross and Gross method has been in use for almost twenty
years, the fundamental assumptions upon which the method is based have
never been examined.  These assumptions are:
1. The value of a periodical to a professional worker is in direct
   proportion to the number of times it is cited in the professional
   literature.
2. The journal or journals used as the base for the tabulation are
   representative of the entire field.
3. If more than one journal is used as a base, all of them can be weighted
   equally.
.X
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552	2	198
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632	2	198
635	2	198
638	2	198
685	2	198
31	2	198
33	2	198
36	2	198
36	2	198
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41	2	198
41	2	198
46	2	198
735	2	198
735	2	198
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767	2	198
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76	2	198
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831	2	198
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211	2	198
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220	2	198
269	2	198
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1055	2	198
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1355	2	198
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1397	2	198
1417	2	198
1432	2	198
361	2	198
379	2	198
395	2	198
.I 199
.T
Statistical Bibliography in the Health Sciences
.A
Raisig, L.M.
.W
  The sustained interest in documentation, as a key to the retrieval of
information in the literature of the sciences, has obscured largely the
potential utility of statistical bibliography as a method of analyzing
information needs.  In the belief that a discussion of the latter may be
of value to interested biomedical librarians and scientists, a review of
investigative methods and results in the health sciences is offered here.
  Statistical bibliography may be defined as the assembling and interpretation
of statistics relating to books and periodicals; it may be used in a
variety of situations for an almost unlimited number of measurements.
Within the last forty years bibliographical statistics have been collected
and explained in several fields of science for these main purposes: to
demonstrate historical movements, to determine the national or universal
research use of books and journals, and to ascertain in many local
situations the general use of books and journals.
.X
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545	2	199
552	2	199
587	2	199
588	2	199
605	2	199
613	2	199
613	2	199
614	2	199
624	2	199
638	2	199
33	2	199
33	2	199
36	2	199
36	2	199
41	2	199
41	2	199
735	2	199
747	2	199
750	2	199
753	2	199
766	2	199
767	2	199
775	2	199
782	2	199
784	2	199
788	2	199
789	2	199
793	2	199
799	2	199
89	2	199
90	2	199
97	2	199
800	2	199
800	2	199
808	2	199
808	2	199
102	2	199
111	2	199
111	2	199
112	2	199
112	2	199
113	2	199
161	2	199
163	2	199
183	2	199
183	2	199
184	2	199
184	2	199
193	2	199
193	2	199
195	2	199
196	2	199
198	2	199
199	2	199
199	2	199
199	2	199
199	2	199
199	2	199
905	2	199
905	2	199
911	2	199
953	2	199
959	2	199
977	2	199
983	2	199
201	2	199
202	2	199
203	2	199
203	2	199
203	2	199
204	2	199
205	2	199
209	2	199
210	2	199
212	2	199
217	2	199
220	2	199
222	2	199
225	2	199
269	2	199
284	2	199
286	2	199
294	2	199
1016	2	199
1023	2	199
1030	2	199
1055	2	199
1071	2	199
1087	2	199
1090	2	199
1135	2	199
1147	2	199
1151	2	199
1260	2	199
1275	2	199
1275	2	199
1276	2	199
1278	2	199
1280	2	199
1285	2	199
1286	2	199
1287	2	199
1302	2	199
1302	2	199
1335	2	199
1380	2	199
1390	2	199
1397	2	199
1417	2	199
1428	2	199
1432	2	199
360	2	199
373	2	199
.I 200
.T
Mechanization of Library Procedures in the Medium-sized Medical Library
.A
Pizer, I.H.
Franz, D.R.
Brodman, E.
.W
  Mechanical means for expediting library work have been considered
for many years, as an examination of the early pages of Library
Journals bears out. The very first volume of the forerunner of the Bulletin,
the Medical Library and Historical Journal, moreover, contained an
article on the use of the "typewriting machine" in cataloging.  Telephones
have long been accepted as library machines, and, except for unusual
items, hand bookbinding has given way to machine-bound books.
  Nevertheless, when the term "machine methods" is used for libraries
today, the prevailing idea is that expensive and complicated electronic
equipment must be employed, and, since few libraries are able to afford
such equipment for themselves, it is generally assumed that none but the
largest libraries (the Library of Congress or the National Library of
Medicine, for example) will be able to employ already existing mechanical
methods or devise systems specifically applicable to their own situations. 
.X
617	2	200
620	2	200
64	2	200
64	2	200
849	2	200
850	2	200
979	2	200
979	2	200
978	2	200
200	2	200
200	2	200
200	2	200
200	2	200
200	2	200
200	2	200
211	2	200
281	2	200
1051	2	200
1252	2	200
.I 201
.T
Moderately and Heavily Used Biomedical Journals
.A
Fleming, Thomas P.
.A
Kilgour, Frederick G.
.W
   The purpose of this investigation was to produce a title list of current
journals suppling upwards of 75 percent of demand at the Columbia and Yale 
Medical Libraries.. Columbia received nearly 2,000 journals and Yale over
1,500; findings are based upon an analysis of canceled charge slips for issues
published from 1959 through June 1962.. This combined study of recorded usage
for six months in the Columbia Medical Library (12.9 percent of circulation
during January through June 1962) and for one year in the Yale Medical Library
(12.5 percent of 1961/62 circulation) revealed that a core of 262 journals
supplied 80 percent of use of titles published in the 1959 to mid-1962
period.. However, it is probable that current issues of all titles received
were used at least once within the libraries.. Titles of sixty-seven journals
which supplied slightly more than 50 percent of use are listed..
.X
415	2	201
475	2	201
543	2	201
552	2	201
554	2	201
587	2	201
588	2	201
613	2	201
614	2	201
624	2	201
638	2	201
667	2	201
31	2	201
31	2	201
31	2	201
33	2	201
36	2	201
36	2	201
36	2	201
36	2	201
41	2	201
46	2	201
735	2	201
748	2	201
748	2	201
750	2	201
751	2	201
759	2	201
760	2	201
765	2	201
766	2	201
767	2	201
767	2	201
767	2	201
57	2	201
774	2	201
778	2	201
778	2	201
784	2	201
787	2	201
791	2	201
792	2	201
793	2	201
799	2	201
76	2	201
89	2	201
90	2	201
800	2	201
800	2	201
808	2	201
821	2	201
821	2	201
828	2	201
889	2	201
891	2	201
891	2	201
121	2	201
161	2	201
181	2	201
181	2	201
182	2	201
182	2	201
183	2	201
183	2	201
183	2	201
183	2	201
183	2	201
184	2	201
184	2	201
184	2	201
184	2	201
184	2	201
185	2	201
189	2	201
193	2	201
193	2	201
193	2	201
193	2	201
193	2	201
193	2	201
193	2	201
195	2	201
195	2	201
195	2	201
196	2	201
196	2	201
198	2	201
198	2	201
198	2	201
199	2	201
905	2	201
905	2	201
952	2	201
953	2	201
959	2	201
964	2	201
968	2	201
977	2	201
977	2	201
977	2	201
201	2	201
201	2	201
201	2	201
201	2	201
201	2	201
201	2	201
201	2	201
201	2	201
201	2	201
201	2	201
201	2	201
201	2	201
201	2	201
201	2	201
201	2	201
201	2	201
202	2	201
203	2	201
203	2	201
203	2	201
203	2	201
203	2	201
203	2	201
204	2	201
204	2	201
204	2	201
204	2	201
204	2	201
205	2	201
205	2	201
205	2	201
205	2	201
209	2	201
210	2	201
211	2	201
212	2	201
217	2	201
217	2	201
219	2	201
220	2	201
220	2	201
222	2	201
233	2	201
267	2	201
269	2	201
269	2	201
284	2	201
286	2	201
294	2	201
1009	2	201
1018	2	201
1019	2	201
1019	2	201
1055	2	201
1081	2	201
1083	2	201
1085	2	201
1086	2	201
1086	2	201
1082	2	201
1151	2	201
1173	2	201
1201	2	201
1203	2	201
1203	2	201
1203	2	201
1240	2	201
1256	2	201
1275	2	201
1275	2	201
1278	2	201
1302	2	201
1352	2	201
1352	2	201
1352	2	201
1355	2	201
1359	2	201
1369	2	201
1369	2	201
1397	2	201
1397	2	201
1397	2	201
1397	2	201
1397	2	201
1401	2	201
1417	2	201
1417	2	201
1418	2	201
1432	2	201
1451	2	201
359	2	201
359	2	201
373	2	201
373	2	201
373	2	201
379	2	201
395	2	201
395	2	201
.I 202
.T
Medical Libraries and the Assessment of User Needs
.A
Rees, Alan M.
.W
   Users of information in science and technology have been studied in great
detail with respect to material read, amount of time spent in reading and
searching the literature, categories of questions asked, an so on.. Probing
for this information has been undertaken by means of structured  and 
unstructured  interviews, diaries, surveys, and questionnaires..
   Although a large amount of data has emerged on information usage and flow,
the subjective response of scientists furnishes comment only on the satisfaction
produced by present information services and does not yield insight into the
extent to which needs remain unsatisfied.. Relevance  figures based upon the
response of systems to questions cannot be equated with satisfaction of needs,
since questions constitute, in most cases, inadequate representations of 
underlying information needs..
   Assessment of the needs of users of medical libraries and information system
must, in fact, be made in relation to the observed behavior and experience of
biomedical scientists.. There is room for well-designed experimentation which
can explore the interaction of both psychological and environmental factors..
Significant differences in information needs exist among and between individuals
such as researches and clinicians  in the same environment.. With respect to
environment, it is hypothesized that the information needs for medical
practitioners in remote areas might differ significantly from those of their
colleagues working in large metropolitan centers in close proximity to medical
schools, research institutions, and other rich sources of information fallout..
   It is anticipated that experimentation will eventually result in a
methodology which will permit the determination and prediction of the
information needs of any identified groups of users in a specific environment..
.X
421	2	202
465	2	202
466	2	202
490	2	202
491	2	202
506	2	202
507	2	202
510	2	202
512	2	202
543	2	202
588	2	202
591	2	202
595	2	202
603	2	202
604	2	202
613	2	202
622	2	202
623	2	202
624	2	202
629	2	202
633	2	202
639	2	202
659	2	202
676	2	202
18	2	202
33	2	202
34	2	202
36	2	202
42	2	202
49	2	202
711	2	202
722	2	202
723	2	202
726	2	202
728	2	202
730	2	202
731	2	202
732	2	202
53	2	202
59	2	202
799	2	202
90	2	202
800	2	202
808	2	202
809	2	202
810	2	202
813	2	202
814	2	202
820	2	202
822	2	202
828	2	202
870	2	202
879	2	202
891	2	202
132	2	202
161	2	202
164	2	202
183	2	202
184	2	202
184	2	202
193	2	202
193	2	202
199	2	202
928	2	202
959	2	202
965	2	202
973	2	202
201	2	202
202	2	202
202	2	202
202	2	202
202	2	202
202	2	202
202	2	202
203	2	202
203	2	202
204	2	202
205	2	202
209	2	202
210	2	202
212	2	202
213	2	202
217	2	202
220	2	202
222	2	202
224	2	202
243	2	202
284	2	202
286	2	202
294	2	202
1091	2	202
1151	2	202
1283	2	202
1298	2	202
1299	2	202
1363	2	202
1366	2	202
1367	2	202
1368	2	202
1396	2	202
.I 203
.T
Analysis of Recorded Biomedical Book and Journal Use in the Yale Medical
Library
Part I. Date and Subject Relations
.A
Stangl, Peter
.A
Kilgour, Frederick G.
.W
   Analysis of book and journal circulation is based on cancelled charge slips
collected over a one-year period in the Yale Medical Library.. About two-fifths
of material circulated	were monographs.. Books and journals in seven subject
fields provided over half of the circulation.. Approximately two-thirds of both
books and journals used had been published during the most recent nine years..
A subject-by-subject examination of the ratio of books to journals circulating
revealed that, in subject where proportionally more journals than books were
taken out of the Library, books were of more recent imprint dates than were
journals, contrary to the overall pattern.. Date distribution of books and
journals by subject was also studied.. Results are illustrated with graphs and
tables..
.X
2	2	203
475	2	203
543	2	203
545	2	203
552	2	203
552	2	203
552	2	203
587	2	203
587	2	203
588	2	203
605	2	203
613	2	203
613	2	203
614	2	203
624	2	203
638	2	203
667	2	203
33	2	203
33	2	203
36	2	203
36	2	203
36	2	203
36	2	203
41	2	203
41	2	203
735	2	203
747	2	203
748	2	203
750	2	203
750	2	203
751	2	203
753	2	203
759	2	203
760	2	203
765	2	203
766	2	203
767	2	203
767	2	203
57	2	203
774	2	203
775	2	203
775	2	203
778	2	203
782	2	203
784	2	203
787	2	203
788	2	203
788	2	203
789	2	203
789	2	203
791	2	203
792	2	203
793	2	203
793	2	203
799	2	203
76	2	203
89	2	203
90	2	203
97	2	203
800	2	203
800	2	203
800	2	203
808	2	203
808	2	203
889	2	203
102	2	203
111	2	203
112	2	203
132	2	203
137	2	203
139	2	203
152	2	203
155	2	203
161	2	203
163	2	203
181	2	203
182	2	203
183	2	203
183	2	203
183	2	203
183	2	203
183	2	203
183	2	203
183	2	203
184	2	203
184	2	203
184	2	203
184	2	203
184	2	203
184	2	203
193	2	203
193	2	203
193	2	203
193	2	203
195	2	203
195	2	203
195	2	203
196	2	203
196	2	203
198	2	203
199	2	203
199	2	203
199	2	203
905	2	203
905	2	203
953	2	203
959	2	203
977	2	203
977	2	203
977	2	203
977	2	203
983	2	203
201	2	203
201	2	203
201	2	203
201	2	203
201	2	203
201	2	203
202	2	203
202	2	203
203	2	203
203	2	203
203	2	203
203	2	203
203	2	203
203	2	203
203	2	203
203	2	203
203	2	203
203	2	203
203	2	203
203	2	203
203	2	203
203	2	203
203	2	203
204	2	203
204	2	203
204	2	203
204	2	203
204	2	203
204	2	203
205	2	203
205	2	203
205	2	203
205	2	203
209	2	203
210	2	203
210	2	203
210	2	203
210	2	203
210	2	203
212	2	203
217	2	203
220	2	203
222	2	203
225	2	203
225	2	203
233	2	203
267	2	203
269	2	203
284	2	203
286	2	203
294	2	203
1016	2	203
1023	2	203
1030	2	203
1055	2	203
1055	2	203
1056	2	203
1071	2	203
1081	2	203
1083	2	203
1085	2	203
1086	2	203
1087	2	203
1082	2	203
1090	2	203
1135	2	203
1147	2	203
1151	2	203
1201	2	203
1203	2	203
1256	2	203
1260	2	203
1275	2	203
1275	2	203
1276	2	203
1278	2	203
1278	2	203
1280	2	203
1285	2	203
1286	2	203
1287	2	203
1302	2	203
1302	2	203
1335	2	203
1352	2	203
1369	2	203
1390	2	203
1397	2	203
1397	2	203
1397	2	203
1397	2	203
1401	2	203
1417	2	203
1417	2	203
1418	2	203
1428	2	203
1432	2	203
1451	2	203
359	2	203
373	2	203
373	2	203
373	2	203
395	2	203
.I 204
.T
Analysis of Recorded Biomedical Book and Journal Use in the Yale Medical
Library
Part II. Subject and User Relations
.A
Stangl, Peter
.A
Kilgour, Frederick G.
.W
   Cancelled charge slips collected over a one-year period supply the data for
this analysis of circulation in the Yale Medical Library.. Full-time teacher
faculty are the heaviest users of journal literature, and  students, of
monograph literature.. Faculties of Medical School departments are compared in
terms of their use of material in individual subjects.. Subject literatures are
analyzed in terms of groups of users borrowing from them.. The extent to which
journal titles used by medical students  are also used by Medical School
faculty is examined.. One of the products of the study is a rank list of 
journal titles used in the Library.. Results are presented in several tables..
.X
2	2	204
475	2	204
543	2	204
552	2	204
552	2	204
552	2	204
587	2	204
588	2	204
613	2	204
624	2	204
667	2	204
33	2	204
36	2	204
36	2	204
735	2	204
748	2	204
750	2	204
751	2	204
759	2	204
760	2	204
765	2	204
766	2	204
767	2	204
57	2	204
774	2	204
775	2	204
778	2	204
784	2	204
787	2	204
788	2	204
789	2	204
791	2	204
792	2	204
793	2	204
799	2	204
76	2	204
76	2	204
89	2	204
90	2	204
800	2	204
800	2	204
808	2	204
828	2	204
132	2	204
137	2	204
139	2	204
152	2	204
155	2	204
161	2	204
181	2	204
182	2	204
183	2	204
183	2	204
183	2	204
183	2	204
184	2	204
184	2	204
184	2	204
184	2	204
184	2	204
193	2	204
193	2	204
193	2	204
193	2	204
195	2	204
195	2	204
196	2	204
198	2	204
199	2	204
959	2	204
977	2	204
201	2	204
201	2	204
201	2	204
201	2	204
201	2	204
202	2	204
203	2	204
203	2	204
203	2	204
203	2	204
203	2	204
203	2	204
204	2	204
204	2	204
204	2	204
204	2	204
204	2	204
204	2	204
204	2	204
205	2	204
205	2	204
205	2	204
205	2	204
209	2	204
210	2	204
210	2	204
212	2	204
217	2	204
220	2	204
222	2	204
233	2	204
267	2	204
284	2	204
286	2	204
294	2	204
1055	2	204
1055	2	204
1056	2	204
1081	2	204
1083	2	204
1085	2	204
1086	2	204
1082	2	204
1151	2	204
1201	2	204
1278	2	204
1369	2	204
1397	2	204
1397	2	204
1401	2	204
1417	2	204
1418	2	204
1432	2	204
1451	2	204
359	2	204
395	2	204
.I 205
.T
The Circulation Analysis of Serial Use:  Numbers Game or Key to Service?
.A
Raisig, Miles L.
.W
   The conventionally erected and reported circulation analysis of serial use
in the individual and the feeder library is found to be statistically invalid
and misleading, since it measures neither the intellectual use of the serial's
contents nor the physical handlings or serial units, and is nonrepresentative
of the in-depth library use of serials.. It fails utterly to report or even to
suggest the relation of intralibrary and interlibrary serial resources.. The
actual mechanics of the serial use analysis, and the active variables in the
library situation which affect serial use, are demonstrated in a simulated
analysis and are explained at length.. A positive design is offered for the
objective gathering and reporting of data on the local intellectual use and
physical handling of serials and the relating of resources.. Data gathering in
the feeder library, and implications for the extension of the feeder library's
resources, are discussed..
.X
543	2	205
587	2	205
588	2	205
613	2	205
614	2	205
624	2	205
638	2	205
667	2	205
33	2	205
36	2	205
36	2	205
748	2	205
750	2	205
751	2	205
759	2	205
765	2	205
767	2	205
57	2	205
778	2	205
787	2	205
791	2	205
792	2	205
793	2	205
799	2	205
90	2	205
800	2	205
800	2	205
808	2	205
161	2	205
181	2	205
182	2	205
183	2	205
183	2	205
184	2	205
184	2	205
184	2	205
193	2	205
193	2	205
193	2	205
195	2	205
196	2	205
199	2	205
959	2	205
977	2	205
201	2	205
201	2	205
201	2	205
201	2	205
202	2	205
203	2	205
203	2	205
203	2	205
203	2	205
204	2	205
204	2	205
204	2	205
204	2	205
205	2	205
205	2	205
205	2	205
205	2	205
205	2	205
209	2	205
210	2	205
212	2	205
217	2	205
220	2	205
222	2	205
233	2	205
267	2	205
284	2	205
286	2	205
294	2	205
1081	2	205
1083	2	205
1085	2	205
1086	2	205
1082	2	205
1151	2	205
1201	2	205
1278	2	205
1352	2	205
1369	2	205
1369	2	205
1401	2	205
1417	2	205
1418	2	205
359	2	205
395	2	205
.I 206
.T
Development of Methodologic Tools for Planning and 
Managing Library Services:
I. Project Goals and Approach
.A
Orr, Richard H.
.A
Pings, Vern M.
.A
Pizer, Irwin H.
.A
Olson, Edwin E.
.W
   In July 1966, the Institute for Advancement of Medical Communication began
work on a project aimed at developing methods for collecting objective data
suitable for planning and guiding local, regional, and national programs to 
improve biomedical libraries and the biomedical information complex.. This
article constitutes an introduction to a series of reports on the methodologic
tools that have been developed.. It describes the overall purpose and initial 
goals of the project, gives the general plan of the work, and presents five
basic concepts that underlie the project's approach and structure the entire
effort..
.X
408	2	206
408	2	206
408	2	206
458	2	206
458	2	206
481	2	206
483	2	206
485	2	206
591	2	206
31	2	206
46	2	206
748	2	206
779	2	206
780	2	206
61	2	206
67	2	206
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277	2	206
282	2	206
1005	2	206
1007	2	206
1011	2	206
1080	2	206
1205	2	206
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.I 207
.T
Development of Methodologic Tools for Planning and
Managing Library Services:
II. Measuring a Library's Capability for Providing Documents
.A
Orr, Richard H.
.A
Pings, Vern M.
.A
Pizer, Irwin H.
.A
Olson, Edwin E.
.A
Spencer, Carol C.
.W
   A method of measuring a library's capability for providing the documents its
users need has been developed.. The library is tested with representative 
sample of such documents to determine how long would be required for users to
obtain these documents.. Test results are expressed in terms of a Capability
Index, which has a maximal value of 100 only if all the sample documents are
found "on shelf".. Specific tests employing samples of 300 documents have been
developed that are appropriate for academic an for "reservoir" biomedical
libraries.. Realistic field trials have demonstrated that these two tests are
practical to administer and that test results are adequately reproducible..
When strict comparability is not important, a library can test itself.. In
assessing a reservoir library, test results are supplemented by data on its
typical processing time for interlibrary loan requests.. Currently these tests
are being used in a national survey.. The general method is applicable to other
types of libraries, provided appropriate test samples are established.. If 
their limitations are clearly understood, these "Document Delivery Tests"
can be valuable tools for planning and managing library services..
.X
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.I 208
.T
Development of Methodologic Tools for Planning and
Managing Library Services:
III. Standardized Inventories of Library Services
.A
Orr, Richard H.
.A
Pings, Vern M.
.A
Olson, Edwin E.
.A
Pizer, Irwin H.
.W
   A standardized procedure was developed for eliciting those details for a
library's service policies that are important to its users and for recording
the data by checking appropriate categories on a form.. This inventory 
procedure covers the entire spectrum of user services and accommodates a wide
range of policies.. The inventory was originally designed for use by trained
interviewers in large-scale surveys of academic medical libraries.. However,
it is also suitable for other kinds of libraries, and the Interview Guide and
Checklist can be used for a self-survey by library stuff.. In addition to 
survey use, the inventory has a variety of educational, administrative,
managerial, and research applications.. A methods for weighting the categorical
inventory data to reflect the relative desirability of different policies makes 
it possible to calculate scores indicating how a library's policies compare
with those of an "optimal" library.. An analogous inventory of the services a 
library provides to other libraries was developed for surveying major backup
resources in the medical library system..
.X
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483	2	208
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31	2	208
46	2	208
748	2	208
779	2	208
780	2	208
61	2	208
67	2	208
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.I 209
.T
Survey of the Card Catalog in Medical Libraries
.A
Pachefsky, Reva
.W
   A survey of present uses and arrangement of medical library card catalogs 
was made in order to determine current practices and trends.. Attention was
focused on the influences of MeSH on the card catalog.. The results indicate
that the prevalent type of card catalog found in medical libraries is the 
divided catalog.. In addition, it appears that this catalog arrangement is 
gaining acceptance, and the trend is toward division.. MeSH has an effect on 
the organization of the card catalog; libraries indicate that it is an 
influential factor in the decision to divide the catalog..
.X
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.I 210
.T
Survey of Medical Literature Borrowed from the National Lending Library
for Science and Technology
.A
Wood, David N.
.A
Bower, Cathryn A.
.W
   This paper reports the results of a four-week questionnaire survey carried 
out at the National Lending Library (N.L.L.), Great Britian, to discover which
types of organizations were the principal users of medical literature, what 
types of literature were used, and which were the main sources of references
to medical publications..Industrial organizations and universities accounted
for the majority (62 percent) of the loans, most of which were English-language
periodicals published since 1960.. For the whole sample, citation list in 
periodical articles were the principal sources of references, although for
literature published in the last fifteen months, abstracting and indexing
journals were the main sources.. Of the latter, Index Medicus proved to be the
most fruitful source of references.. By asking whether the item requested was
really useful to their work, a measure of the reliability of the different
sources of references was obtained..
   Appendixes include the questionnaire, a list of the most frequently borrowed
journals, and a list of abstracting and indexing journals used as sources of
references..
.X
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.I 211
.T
A Regional Medical Library Network
.A
Pizer, Irwin H.
.W
   The raison d'etre for cooperative networks is discussed, and the development
of the SUNY Biomedical Communication Network is traces briefly; a description 
of the system and its products is given.. The cooperative cataloging program
engaged in with the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine and the National
Library of Medicine is described, as are the efforts of the Network in the
production of regional and state-wide union lists of serials..
.X
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.I 212
.T
Thesaural Problems in an On-Line System
.A
Cain, Alexander M.
.W
   This paper describes the construction of a synonym thesaurus or entry 
vocabulary for the SUNY Biomedical Communication Network, which will permit
the user greater ease of access to MeSH-indexed material without previously
consulting a printed list of indexed terms.. In order to discover the actual
terminalogy used by a researcher, words were extracted from titles of articles
appearing in Index Medicus, and compared with the subject heading under which
they appeared.. As well as strict synonyms, grammatical variants were also 
included.. Work is continuing on relating other indexing vocabularies, such as
Excerpta Medica and Current Medical Terminalogy, used in the biomedical world 
to MeSH terms..
.X
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.I 213
.T
The Role of the Medical Librarian in SDI Systems
.A
Garfield, Eugene
.W
   Many ongoing selective dissemination systems designers assume that the 
librarian can be omitted from active participation in execution of the master
plan.. ISI's four years of experience with ASCA service have shown that 
librarians must be an integral part of the system and engage in a active 
dialogue between users and the machine.. Specific examples of how 
librarians can best serve the information needs of scientists using SDI systems
are examined.. It is the basic contention of this paper that the librarian
should serve as an intermediary between users and the numerous new information
media.. In this manner the librarian can filter and translate the requirements
of individual scientists to conform with the inherent limitations of all
machine systems while exploiting their capabilities to the fullest..
.X
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.I 214
.T
Library Participation in a Biomedical Communication and Information Network
.A
Bridegam, Willis E., Jr.
.A
Meyerhoff, Erich
.W
   The experience of two libraries participating in the SUNY Biomedical 
Communication Network is described..  The history of the Network if briefly
given together with its original aims and their current status.. Use of the
terminals and formulation of queries are explained.. Figures are given for 
total costs, number of searches performed, and cost per search.. There is a 
account of the internal structure of the administration of the Network..
.X
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65	2	214
75	2	214
76	2	214
820	2	214
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855	2	214
879	2	214
883	2	214
891	2	214
119	2	214
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127	2	214
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.I 215
.T
Selected Reference Aids for Small Medical Libraries
.A
Duncan, Howertine Farrell
.W
   This annotated list of 178 items is compiled as a guide to the development
of the reference collection in a small medical library..
   Arrangement, following the pattern of the previous revision, is by broad 
subject groups.. Titles are chiefly in English.. Textbooks in subject fields
have been omitted since these are covered adequately in several comprehensive
guides to the literature..
.X
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41	2	215
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115	2	215
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1147	2	215
1302	2	215
1302	2	215
1352	2	215
359	2	215
.I 216
.T
Coordination of Regional Libraries with Regional Medical Program Projects
.A
Kefauver, David F.
.W
   The Medical Library Assistance Act authorized the Regional Medical Library 
Program to improve information services in health fields, as well as other
programs designed to help the health worker.. Both the RMLP and the Regional
Medical Program are based on regional cooperation to enhance the value of 
available resources, and to enable health workers away from main centers to 
use them.. Services with Regional Medical Libraries must supply are described..
As this program develops, more than conventional library services will be
provided..
  Regional Medical Programs stress the continuing education of health-related
personnel, and their need for health information; libraries are necessarily
involved in such programs.. The regions of the RMP are smaller than those of 
the RMLP, and the smaller regional focus may be an advantage..
   Specific examples of the coordination of library services and library-
oriented programs are given..
.X
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891	2	216
891	2	216
172	2	216
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216	2	216
216	2	216
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216	2	216
217	2	216
218	2	216
220	2	216
297	2	216
1030	2	216
1147	2	216
1390	2	216
.I 217
.T
User Services Offered By Medical School Libraries in 1968:
Results of a National Survey Employing New Methodology
.A
Orr, Richard H.
.A
Bloomquist, Harold
.A
Cruzat, Gwendolyn S.
.A
Schless, Arthur P.
.W
   The breadth and depth of services that ninety-two medical school libraries
offer to individual user were ascertained by interviewing the heads of these
libraries, employing a standardized inventory procedure developed earlier
(Bulletin 56:380-403, Oct.1968).. Selected aspects of the descriptive data 
obtained on services to faculty and to medical students are presented and 
commented upon.. Comparisons with the findings of earlies surveys suggest 
that increases in the stuffs and budgets of medical school libraries over the 
past two decades have gone largely to supporting a rapidly increasing volume of 
service, rather than to any striking increase in the breadth and depth of
services.. To facilitate summarization and comparisons among libraries the 
descriptive data were weighted and converted to quantitative measures; the
weighting scheme was established by a group of five academic medical librarians
to reflect the relative values the group assigned to different services..
One these quantitative measures, the percentage score for overall services
relative to the optimal library, summarizes a library,s services in a single
figure.. On this measure, medical school libraries ranged from 38 percent to 
87 percent; the median overall score was 63 percent.. Results of some 
exploratory analysis are described; these analyses attempted ti find 
explanations for the observed differences among libraries and among geographical
regions on the quantitative measures.. Present and potential uses of the survey
data for managerial and research purposes are discussed.. One of the most
important of these uses is in establishing and implementing standards - 
activities which should be carried out by the library profession itself - and
recommendations are made for a program of such activities that is appropriate 
for the Medical Library Association..
.X
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779	2	217
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.I 218
.T
The National Biomedical Communications Network as a Developing Structure
.A
Davis, Ruth M.
.W
   The National Biomedical Communications Network has evolved both from a set 
of conceptual recommendations over the last twelve years and an accumulation
of needs manifesting themselves in the requests of members of the medical 
community.. With a short history of three years this network and its developing
structure have exhibited most of the stresses of technology interfacing with
customer groups, and of a structure attempting to build itself upon many 
existing fragmentary unconnected segments of a potentially viable resource-
sharing capability..
   In addition to addressing these topics, the paper treats a design appropriate
to any network devoted to information transfer in a special interest user
community.. It discusses fundamentals of network design, highlighting that
network structure most appropriate to a national information network.. Examples
are given of cost analyses of information services and certain conjectures are
offered concerning the roles of national networks..
.X
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127	2	218
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190	2	218
191	2	218
197	2	218
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.I 219
.T
Selected Lists of Journals for the Small Medical Library: 
A Comparative Analysis
.A
Timour, John A.
.W
   The results of a survey and weighted summary of all major suggested journal
subscription lists for hospital libraries are described.. A total of ninety-one
titles  taken from 225 titles examined is listed under thirty-three subject
headings.. Contrasts are made for the titles and subject headings employed by 
others, and the potential of Stearns' "core collection" concept for small
medical libraries is dealt with in detail..
.X
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.I 220
.T
The Medical Library Assistance Act: 
An Analysis of the NLM Extramural Programs, 1965-1970
.A
Cummings, Martin M.
.A
Corning, Mary E.
.W
   The imbalance between medical library resources and information needs of the
health professional led to a reexamination of the mandate for the National 
Library of Medicine.. Legislation known as the Medical Library Assistance Act
(MLAA) was passed in 1965 which enabled the NLM to (1) initiate programs to 
assist the nation's medical libraries and (2) develop a medical library network
with the establishment of regional medical libraries to link the NLM with local
institutions..
   The National Library of Medicine, through the MLAA, has made available $40.8
million to the medical library community under a competitive grant and contract 
mechanism for the period July 1965 - June 1970.. A total of 604 projects has 
been executed in resources, research and development, training, construction,
regional medical libraries, publications, and special scientific projects.. An
assessment is given of each of these programs and their impact on both the 
National Library of Medicine and individual medical libraries.. In the 
aggregate, these programs have significantly improved library and information
services to the professional health user.. The principal limitation has been
inadequate funding to accomplish the level of originally stated objectives..
.X
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.I 221
.T
A Bookshelf in Public Health, Medical Care, and Allied Fields
.A
La Rocco, August
.A
Jones, Barbara
.W
   This bibliography of nonserial publications consists of 610 annotations..
It is intended as a guide to the development of a collection for librarians 
and for health professionals in research and education.. References are mostly
to publications from 1960.. Titles are in English.. Both primary and secondary
sources are cited..
.X
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359	2	221
.I 222
.T
Review of Criteria Used to Measure Library Effectiveness
.A
Evans, Edward
.A
Borko, Harold
.A
Ferguson, Patricia
.W
   This article reports the results of survey of literature on measures of 
library effectiveness.. This survey led to the formulation of six criterion 
concepts  (accessibility, cost, user satisfaction, response time, cost/benefit
ratio and use).. The advantages and disadvantages of each method of 
measurement are discussed.. Several points which became clear during the 
analysis are discussed.. First, there is a relative lack of concern with the 
rationale behind the evaluation process, although the results invariably lead
to a confused interpretation when there is no clear understanding of the 
purpose of an evaluation.. Second, the total library system is rarely 
considered; instead, each evaluation criterion is taken in isolation rather
than as part of the whole.. Third, the library's preservation function has not
been considered at all..
.X
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301	2	222
302	2	222
358	2	222
364	2	222
368	2	222
.I 223
.T
Document Delivery Capabilities of Major Biomedical Libraries in 1968:
Results of a National Survey Employing Standardized Tests
.A
Orr, Richard H.
.A
Schless, Arthur P.
.W
   The standardized Document Delivery Tests (DDT's) developed earlier (Bulletin
56: 241-267, July 1968) were employed to assess the capability of ninety-two
medical school libraries for meeting the document needs of biomedical 
researchers, and the capability of fifteen major resource libraries for filling 
I-L requests from biomedical libraries.. The primary test data are summarized 
as statistics on the observed availability status of the 300 plus documents in
the test samples, and as measures expressing capability as a function of the 
mean time that would be required for users to obtain test sample documents..
A mathematical model is developed in which the virtual capability of a library,
as seen by its users, equals the algebraic sum of the basic capability afforded
by its holdings; the combined losses attributable to use of its collection, 
processing, relative inaccessibility, and housekeeping problems; and the gain
realized by coupling with other resources (I-L borrowing).. For a particular 
library, or group of libraries, empirical values for each of these variables 
can be  calculated easily from the capability measures and the status 
statistics.. Regression equations are derived that provide useful predictions 
of basic capability from collection size.. The most important result of this 
work is that cost-effectiveness analyses can now be used as practical decision 
aids in managing a basic library service.. A program of periodic surveys and 
further development of DDT's is recommended as appropriate for the Medical 
Library Association..
.X
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.I 224
.T
The Implementation, Evaluation, and Refinement of a Manual SDI Service 
.A
Yunis, Susan S.
.W
   The Missouri Institute of Psychiatry Library has implemented an inexpensive,
manual SDI (Selective Dissemination of Information) service based upon the 
monthly issues of Index Medicus.. The implementation and refinement of the 
system are documented, and the very favorable response to the system is 
examined.. The SDI service is compared to Current Contents, with the finding
that 60 percent of the SDI participants prefer it to Current Contents.. For
this select portion of researchers the Index Medicus SDI is the more suitable
mode of current awareness.. For a significant portion of the MIP staff, 
however, the score of Index Medicus is too restricted to suitable replace 
Current Contents.. All SDI users find it highly acceptable curent awareness 
service for use in addition to Current Contents and have indicated the desire 
to continue participation in the service..
.X
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.I 225
.T
A Method of Estimating the In-House Use of the Periodical Collection in the
University of Minnesota Bio-Medical Library
.A
Tibbetts, Pamela
.W
   During two one-week periods in April 1972, information on periodical title 
and date was gathered from  periodicals collected from study and reshelving 
tables of the University of Minnesota Bio-Medical Library.
   It was determined that: (1) a few titles accounted for most of the total 
use; (2) the relationship between age and amount of use of a journal may be
described by the equation y = ke**(-bx); and (3) the last five years of 
publication accounted for 58% of the total use.
.X
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.I 226
.T
A Behavioral Approach to Historical Analysis
.A
Berkhofer, R.F.
.W
  To issue a clarion call for historians to adopt a behavioral
approach to their subject may seem as up-to-date and exciting as
last month's newspaper, for it is the academic fashion today to
argue the utility of social science theory in the writing of
history.  Books and articles issue forth from the presses in
seeming profusion advocating and even occasionally demonstrating
such an approach.  Yet these many pages fail in three significant
ways to accomplish the end they nominally espouse and which I urge.
.X
441	2	226
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226	2	226
226	2	226
226	2	226
226	2	226
226	2	226
324	2	226
.I 227
.T
A Behavioral Theory of the Firm
.A
Cyert, R.M.
.W
  This book is about the business firm and the way it makes 
economic decisions.  We propose to make detailed observations
of the procedures by which firms make decisions and
to use these observations as a basis for a theory of decision
making within business organizations.  Our articles of faith
are simple.  We believe that, in order to understand contemporary
economic decision making, we need to supplement
the study of market factors with an examination of
the internal operation of the firm - to study the effects of
organizational structure and conventional practice on the
development of goals, the formation of expectations, and
the execution of choices.
.X
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227	2	227
227	2	227
227	2	227
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.I 228
.T
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
.A
Shannon, C.E.
.W
  The recent development of various methods of modulation such as PCM
and PPM which exchange bandwidth for signal-to-noise ratio has
intensified the interest in a general theory of communication.  A basis for
such a theory is contained in the important papers of Nyquist and Hartley
on this subject.  In the present paper we will extend the theory to include a
number of new factors, in particular the effect of noise in the channel, and
the savings possible due to the statistical structure of the original message
and due to the nature of the final destination of the information.
  The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at
one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another
point.  Frequently the messages have meaning; that is they refer to or are 
correlated according to some system with certain physical or conceptual
entities.  These semantic aspects of communication are irrelevant to the
engineering problem.  The significant aspect is that the actual message is
one selected from a set of possible messages.  The system must be designed
to operate for each possible selection, not just the one which will actually
be chosen since this is unknown at the time of design. 
.X
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.I 229
.T
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
.A
Shannon, C.E.
.W
  In this final installment of the paper we consider the case where the
signals or the messages or both are continuously variable, in contrast with
the discrete nature assumed until now.  To a considerable extent the
continuous case can be obtained through a limiting process from the discrete
case by dividing the continuum of messages and signals into a large but finite
number of small regions and calculating the various parameters involved on
a discrete basis.  As the size of the regions is decreased these parameters in
general approach as limits the proper values for the continuous case.  There
are, however, a few new effects that appear and also a general change of
emphasis in the direction of specialization of the general results to
particular cases.
  We will not attempt, in the continuous case, to obtain our results with
the greatest generality, or with the extreme rigor of pure mathematics, since
this would involve a great deal of abstract measure theory and would
obscure the main thread of the analysis.  A preliminary study, however,
indicates that the theory can be formulated in a completely axiomatic and
rigorous manner which includes both the continuous and discrete cases and
many others. The occasional liberties taken with limiting processes in the
present analysis can be justified in all cases of practical interest.
.X
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.I 230
.T
Between MLS and PhD; a Study of Sixth-Year Specialist Programs
in Accredited Library Schools
.A
Danton, J.P.
.W
  The intent of this survey is to describe educational practice
(to spring 1969) in the emerging sixth-year specialist
programs in library schools accredited by the American Library
Association.
.X
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954	2	230
230	2	230
230	2	230
230	2	230
230	2	230
230	2	230
1403	2	230
1423	2	230
1423	2	230
339	2	230
387	2	230
.I 231
.T
Bibliographic Control of Nonprint Media
.A
Grove, P.S.
.W
  Educational systems specialists lament the
deplorable lack of organization of nonprint
media for utilization in the learning process.
Audiovisual personnel have, out of despair,
made a painful entry into the world of
bibliography while librarians, long experienced
in the bibliographic control of printed matter,
still appear preoccupied with more conventional
forms of information and reluctant to turn
their expertise to the organization of nonprint
media.
.X
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620	2	231
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.I 232
.T
Bibliographic Control of Microforms
.A
Reichmann, F.
.W
  Bibliographic control of microforms is a foremost need in today's library
world.  Despite the rapidly increasing quantity of materials and their
bibliographic complexity, the methods for controlling microforms on all
levels - local, national, and international - are inadequate.
.X
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358	2	232
.I 233
.T
On a Class of Skew Distribution Functions
.A
Simon, H.A.
.W
  It is the purpose of this paper to analyse a class of distribution
functions that appears in a wide range of empirical data - particularly
data describing sociological, biological and economic phenomena.  Its
appearance is so frequent, and the phenomena in which it appears so diverse,
that one is led to the conjecture that if these phenomena have any property
in common it can only be a similarity in the structure of the underlying 
probability mechanisms.  The empirical distributions to which we shall refer
specifically are: (A) distributions of words in prose samples by their
frequency of occurrence, (B) distributions of scientists by number of papers
published, (C) distributions of cities by population, (D) distributions of
incomes by size, and (E) distributions of biological generally by number of
species.
.X
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.I 234
.T
Book Availability and the Library User
.A
Buckland, M.K.
.W
  The essentially logistical problem of making library books physically
available when wanted by library users is central to librarianship.  This
book is a tentative attempt to provide a treatise on this problem.  As such
it has to deal with both theoretical analysis and the practicality of
solutions.  No apology is made for the attention devoted to theoretical
analysis, because the author believes that a clear conceptual understanding
of the factors involved is important for improved librarianship.  The
fact that analytical models are not always usable does not mean that the
insight that can sometimes be derived from such analyses will not lead to
a better understanding of the problems and, thereby, to improved library
services.
.X
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234	2	234
234	2	234
234	2	234
234	2	234
234	2	234
234	2	234
234	2	234
234	2	234
234	2	234
236	2	234
245	2	234
280	2	234
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1023	2	234
1049	2	234
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303	2	234
338	2	234
361	2	234
364	2	234
365	2	234
393	2	234
.I 235
.T
Book Catalogs
.A
Tauber, M.F.
.W
  In the intervening years since the appearance of the
first collection of papers concerning book catalogs (Kingery,
Robert E., and Tauber, Maurice F., Book Catalogs, N.Y.,
The Scarecrow Press, 1963), attention has been concentrated
on the book catalog as a substitute for, or an auxiliary
to the card catalog.
  This selection of papers has identified some of the
efforts to solve particular problems concerned with book
catalogs.  The published papers, as well as those which
have been written specifically for this volume, bring additional
observations concerning the place of the book catalog in
library services.
.X
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548	2	235
594	2	235
597	2	235
598	2	235
601	2	235
601	2	235
16	2	235
92	2	235
836	2	235
848	2	235
863	2	235
863	2	235
864	2	235
864	2	235
865	2	235
866	2	235
868	2	235
897	2	235
897	2	235
916	2	235
936	2	235
950	2	235
991	2	235
997	2	235
235	2	235
235	2	235
235	2	235
235	2	235
235	2	235
235	2	235
235	2	235
235	2	235
235	2	235
235	2	235
235	2	235
246	2	235
247	2	235
250	2	235
289	2	235
289	2	235
291	2	235
1000	2	235
1052	2	235
1152	2	235
1152	2	235
1153	2	235
1216	2	235
1248	2	235
1266	2	235
1392	2	235
1395	2	235
1441	2	235
326	2	235
333	2	235
.I 236
.T
Book Publishing:  What it Is, What it Does
.A
Dessauer, J.P.
.W
  We speak of book publishing as an industry and as a profession.
Both designations are certainly appropriate.  Book publishing is
a business conducted, for the most part, for profit.  But its
practitioners - at least those who do it honor - have
motivations that transcend their profit interest.  They know
that books are no mere commodity, no mere items for consumption that
leave their readers much as they find them.  Books, like other vehicles of
information and sources of entertainment can change, influence, elevate,
demean, exalt, or depress those who expose themselves to them.	What
books are and can be depends heavily on the judgement, integrity, taste,
and acumen of those who select and produce them - their publishers.
.X
433	2	236
637	2	236
115	2	236
234	2	236
236	2	236
236	2	236
236	2	236
236	2	236
236	2	236
303	2	236
.I 237
.T
Book Selection of Censorship
.A
Fiske, M.
.W
  The key question was whether restrictions are being imposed on
librarians, or whether they are imposing restrictions on themselves, that
threaten the citizen's right to easy access to as adequate a collection of
books and periodicals as his community, his country or his state can
afford.  Readers of this report may come to different conclusions about
the "right" answer to this question, but whether they conclude that
librarians are or are not being as forceful as they might be in developing
and upholding freedom-to-read principles, it should not be forgotten
that it is librarians themselves who have had the courage to provide the
evidence.
.X
14	2	237
20	2	237
767	2	237
772	2	237
132	2	237
137	2	237
173	2	237
173	2	237
952	2	237
954	2	237
237	2	237
237	2	237
237	2	237
237	2	237
237	2	237
237	2	237
237	2	237
237	2	237
237	2	237
237	2	237
237	2	237
237	2	237
237	2	237
237	2	237
238	2	237
272	2	237
1030	2	237
1056	2	237
1240	2	237
1275	2	237
1280	2	237
1453	2	237
.I 238
.T
Book Selection and Censorship
.A
Moon, E.
.W
  When is a librarian's decision not to include a book in his library
collection an act of book selection, and when is it censorship?  Is there, 
in fact, any discernible difference in the two terms: book selection and
censorship?  This topic was discussed so lucidly and ably, long ago, by
Lester Asheim in what has become a classic essay in the literature of
librarianship, "Not Censorship, but Selection," that raising it again
may appear to be an exercise in redundancy.
.X
237	2	238
238	2	238
238	2	238
238	2	238
238	2	238
238	2	238
238	2	238
.I 239
.T
Buyers and Borrowers
.A
Mann, P.H.
.W
  This is the second book based on studies into social aspects 
of book reading.
  The present book is largely a report on work which was
carried out in 1967-68 but either not analysed or written
up in time for the first book, or work actually carried out
and analysed during the second year's research.  The reader
of this book will find it useful to have read the first book,
but the present book is self-contained and does not require
reference to the first one.
.X
946	2	239
946	2	239
239	2	239
239	2	239
239	2	239
239	2	239
239	2	239
1005	2	239
1005	2	239
1018	2	239
1032	2	239
1032	2	239
1056	2	239
1056	2	239
1145	2	239
1145	2	239
1227	2	239
1240	2	239
358	2	239
358	2	239
.I 240
.T
Books for Junior College Libraries
.A
Ririe, J.W.
.W
  The primary purpose of this publication is to serve as a
book selection guide for junior and community college
libraries, whether long established, newly established, or
in the planning and preinstruction stage.  The need for a
new and authoritative book list has long been expressed
by administrators, faculty members, and librarians.  It is
hoped that the present list will meet this need, and that
it will also be useful in four-year colleges, with special
reference to their lower-division work; in secondary
schools, especially where accelerated and honors programs
or courses for advanced college placement are offered;
and in public libraries seeking to satisfy the demands of
high school and college students.
.X
7	2	240
240	2	240
240	2	240
240	2	240
240	2	240
240	2	240
262	2	240
1028	2	240
1211	2	240
1212	2	240
1266	2	240
1424	2	240
322	2	240
.I 241
.T
A Brief guide to Sources of Scientific and Technical Information
.A
Hermer, S.
.W
  This guide is a recapitulation and refinement of the substantive
content of a one-and-a-half day course which was given before
three groups of Federal scientists and engineers during the Fall of
1967.  Its purpose was to train and inform
working scientists and engineers as to the most direct and efficient
means of seeking and acquiring work-related information.
  The impetus for the course was the recognition of the growing
need for working scientists and engineers to share and participate
in the existing and emerging information tools and mechanisms,
and to avail themselves of the opportunities afforded by the newer
approaches to information collection, organization, and dissemination. 
A further, related purpose of the course was to facilitate the
fullest possible participation of the working scientist and engineer 
in the evolution of information services and mechanisms which are
likely to have a greater and greater effect on his professional
activities.
.X
406	2	241
408	2	241
458	2	241
896	2	241
119	2	241
916	2	241
948	2	241
946	2	241
986	2	241
214	2	241
232	2	241
241	2	241
241	2	241
241	2	241
241	2	241
241	2	241
241	2	241
1012	2	241
1033	2	241
1079	2	241
1084	2	241
1249	2	241
1254	2	241
1379	2	241
1403	2	241
331	2	241
355	2	241
358	2	241
382	2	241
.I 242
.T
Building Library Collections
.A
Carter, M.D.
.W
  Each year thousands of books are published by the
general, the technical, the governmental and the university
presses in this and other countries.  From this overwhelming
mass of new publications every library must, within the limit
of its funds, select that small part which will be most 
beneficial to the community it serves.  This is properly an
awesome responsibility to the young inexperienced librarian.  To
the competent veteran it is a task which though carried on
week after week never can approach the ease of a well
mastered routine.  Each book examined requires the exercise
of careful judgement, integrity, emotional control at times,
and scrupulous honesty, guided always by a sense of purpose.
.X
11	2	242
242	2	242
242	2	242
242	2	242
242	2	242
242	2	242
1322	2	242
.I 243
.T
CAN/DI system:  User reaction to a computer and information
retrieval system for Canadian scientists and technologists
.A
Wolters, P.H.
Brown, J.E.
.W
  In April 1970, the CAN/SDI project, developed
by the Canadian National Science Library,
completed its first year of operation.  At that
time the project, designed as a national service
to alert scientists and technologists to current
information in specific fields of research, was
serving over six hundred and fifty subscribers
requiring a total of more than three thousand
five hundred individual computer queries.  Over
one thousand personalized bibliographies are
prepared each week from commercially available
data bases purchased from Chemical
Abstracts Service, the Institute for Scientific
Information (ISI) and the British Institution of
Electrical Engineers.  A detailed description of
the service was given in a paper by J.E.
Brown published in October 1969. 
.X
2	2	243
408	2	243
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629	2	243
630	2	243
633	2	243
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659	2	243
676	2	243
692	2	243
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18	2	243
34	2	243
49	2	243
703	2	243
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736	2	243
738	2	243
739	2	243
740	2	243
741	2	243
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755	2	243
53	2	243
59	2	243
779	2	243
809	2	243
810	2	243
813	2	243
814	2	243
820	2	243
820	2	243
822	2	243
826	2	243
827	2	243
828	2	243
839	2	243
857	2	243
866	2	243
866	2	243
867	2	243
870	2	243
879	2	243
879	2	243
883	2	243
105	2	243
111	2	243
113	2	243
124	2	243
127	2	243
129	2	243
161	2	243
163	2	243
164	2	243
190	2	243
191	2	243
197	2	243
202	2	243
211	2	243
213	2	243
214	2	243
217	2	243
218	2	243
218	2	243
224	2	243
243	2	243
243	2	243
243	2	243
243	2	243
243	2	243
243	2	243
243	2	243
243	2	243
243	2	243
249	2	243
253	2	243
1004	2	243
1030	2	243
1035	2	243
1042	2	243
1078	2	243
1087	2	243
1089	2	243
1091	2	243
1091	2	243
1207	2	243
1264	2	243
1283	2	243
1293	2	243
1296	2	243
1297	2	243
1298	2	243
1298	2	243
1299	2	243
1303	2	243
1327	2	243
1346	2	243
1347	2	243
1356	2	243
1362	2	243
1363	2	243
1364	2	243
1366	2	243
1367	2	243
1368	2	243
1368	2	243
1370	2	243
1372	2	243
1373	2	243
1374	2	243
1375	2	243
1376	2	243
1377	2	243
1396	2	243
1403	2	243
1415	2	243
307	2	243
330	2	243
356	2	243
364	2	243
371	2	243
375	2	243
378	2	243
385	2	243
.I 244
.T
Case Studies in Library Computer Systems
.A
Palmer, R.P.
.W
  Case Studies in Library Computer Systems does not follow the mode of
the other volumes in this series because none of the persons, libraries or
systems is disguised.  Neither has information been withheld to force readers
tp explore alternative choices, as in the usual case method.  Rather, all
systems are identified and described as accurately as possible.  Descriptive
case studies are problem-oriented, however, because they analyze a situation
in which a librarian had to decide if a computer could be successfully
utilized to solve the problem at hand.  The descriptive case method rather
than the problem case method was chosen because it seemed important to
describe each system in detail and to evaluate its performance in the context
of a real library environment and against the background of particular
institutional service objectives.
.X
433	2	244
459	2	244
459	2	244
529	2	244
534	2	244
575	2	244
599	2	244
621	2	244
630	2	244
630	2	244
692	2	244
10	2	244
702	2	244
731	2	244
732	2	244
817	2	244
820	2	244
822	2	244
823	2	244
825	2	244
826	2	244
827	2	244
828	2	244
854	2	244
871	2	244
872	2	244
873	2	244
874	2	244
875	2	244
876	2	244
877	2	244
878	2	244
879	2	244
880	2	244
892	2	244
120	2	244
128	2	244
135	2	244
141	2	244
190	2	244
925	2	244
940	2	244
941	2	244
947	2	244
948	2	244
990	2	244
994	2	244
997	2	244
998	2	244
225	2	244
244	2	244
244	2	244
244	2	244
244	2	244
244	2	244
244	2	244
244	2	244
244	2	244
245	2	244
291	2	244
299	2	244
1017	2	244
1058	2	244
1079	2	244
1143	2	244
1146	2	244
1230	2	244
1230	2	244
1257	2	244
1257	2	244
1303	2	244
1390	2	244
1396	2	244
1402	2	244
1435	2	244
1436	2	244
304	2	244
305	2	244
306	2	244
358	2	244
365	2	244
385	2	244
394	2	244
.I 245
.T
Case Studies in Systems Analysis in a University Library
.A
Burkhalter, B.R.
Muller, R.
.W
  The marriage between the University of Michigan Library and
Community Systems Foundation seemed like a sensible step at the
time.  Too often, Library administration found it necessary to choose
between alternate courses of action without having adequate information.
In addition, overburdened department heads rarely found time
to alter their systems substantially to accommodate demands on the
library and their departments, let alone time to make these changes
in a systematic manner which considered the impact on other
departments and carefully weighed alternative solutions.  As a
consequence of this situation, the library administrators were
considering ways of providing staff assistance to themselves and
the department heads, so that alternate courses of action could
be designed and properly evaluated.
.X
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630	2	245
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.I 246
.T
Cataloging Rules ad Principles
.A
Lubetzky, S.
.W
  The present study was undertaken pursuant to an assignment
by the Library of Congress.  The author was directed to prepare,
for the Board on Cataloging Policy and Research of the A.L.A.
Division of Cataloging and Classification, a general analysis of the
ALA cataloging rules for author and title entry, with special 
consideration of the rules for corporate authors, and a discussion 
of the objectives and principles which should underlie a revision of the
rules.  The first three parts of the report are directed, respectively,
to the three aspects of this assignment.  The fourth part of the report
was added to deal with general questions raised by readers of a 
preliminary draft of this report.
.X
799	2	246
92	2	246
92	2	246
825	2	246
848	2	246
883	2	246
919	2	246
920	2	246
922	2	246
930	2	246
941	2	246
950	2	246
950	2	246
978	2	246
988	2	246
991	2	246
991	2	246
997	2	246
997	2	246
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246	2	246
246	2	246
246	2	246
246	2	246
246	2	246
246	2	246
246	2	246
246	2	246
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1013	2	246
1079	2	246
1153	2	246
1216	2	246
1216	2	246
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1395	2	246
1433	2	246
1433	2	246
1441	2	246
1445	2	246
326	2	246
331	2	246
333	2	246
333	2	246
.I 247
.T
Cataloging U.S.A.
.A
Dunkin, P.S.
.W
  The book deals almost entirely with theory and principles.  Only
now and then, if it seems necessary to a complete understanding of
the implications of theory, is some detail of practice briefly 
described.
  It follows that the work is not a substitute for rules of entry and
description, subject headings rules and lists, classification schemes, or
other similar reference books.  Instead, it is only a commentary on such
works, and it does not profess to comment on more than a few of
what seem to be the most important aspects of each.
  Comments are made only on cataloging in the United States.
Many interesting practices have always been part of cataloging
abroad.  But to write of these practices also would have taken several
books.  This work looks at the foreign scene only when it seems
necessary to understand fully some procedure in this country.  If a
reader in some other country finds anything in this book helpful,
that will be, I hope, good for him and for his country's cataloging.
I am not at all sure, however, that what we do and think in this
country will be of value in other countries with other conditions.  In
no sense is this a book of American intellectual imperialism.
.X
581	2	247
666	2	247
30	2	247
71	2	247
75	2	247
77	2	247
78	2	247
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92	2	247
838	2	247
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1393	2	247
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326	2	247
333	2	247
.I 248
.T
CATV and its Implication
.A
Thomassen, C.E.
.W
  The papers in this publication represent the edited oral presentations of
the speakers at the conference.
  The conference theme centered on the implications of cable television for
libraries.  The general purpose of the Institute was to foster greater
understanding about the subject of cable television in the conference
participants.  More specifically, the planning committee for the conference
enumerated the following objectives:
1.  to provide an atmosphere of inquiry focused on the implications of cable
    television for libraries;
2.  to provide consultants and resource people who have knowledge and 
    experience related to the potential of cable television and its implications
    for libraries;
3.  to expand the participants' understandings and perceptions of the
    technology of cable television and its related equipment as they affect the 
    libraries' communications responsibilities;
4.  to suggest some techniques for utilizing cable television in originating 
    local programs, and to explore the possibilities for the varieties of
    services cable television can offer the profession;
5.  to aid librarians in all types of libraries to become aware of the unique
    possibilities for the utilization of cable television in their specific 
    types of libraries, and also to suggest the importance of cable television
    in a systematic approach to library and information networks; and,
6.  to create a growing and continuing consciousness of the problems and
    opportunities for the utilization of cable television in libraries.
.X
910	2	248
248	2	248
248	2	248
248	2	248
248	2	248
248	2	248
1017	2	248
1145	2	248
.I 249
.T
Centralized Book Processing
.A
Leonard, L.E.
.W
  This report summarizes the results of the fourteen-month feasibility
study -- the Colorado Academic Libraries Book Processing Center
project (CALBPC).  The report is organized under nine major sections:
I. Background; II. Participating Libraries -- Operational Characteristics;
III. Cost Analysis; IV. Business Office Procedures; V. The Book Processing
Center; VI. Approval Plan Utilization; VII.  Mathematical Model/Simulation;
VIII. Attitude Survey; IX. Conclusions and Recommendations.
.X
408	2	249
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779	2	249
823	2	249
841	2	249
842	2	249
872	2	249
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243	2	249
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291	2	249
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1007	2	249
1043	2	249
1043	2	249
1242	2	249
1247	2	249
1252	2	249
1257	2	249
1317	2	249
1317	2	249
1317	2	249
1358	2	249
1390	2	249
1393	2	249
1400	2	249
1400	2	249
1401	2	249
1403	2	249
1410	2	249
1439	2	249
331	2	249
350	2	249
364	2	249
365	2	249
385	2	249
394	2	249
.I 250
.T
Centralized Processing for Academic Libraries; final report of the
Colorado Academic Libraries Book Processing Center; the first six
months of operation
.A
Doughtery, R.M.
.W
    This is the final report of the Colorado Academic
Libraries Book Processing Center (CALBPC)
project.  The CALBPC project was begun in 1965
by nine academic libraries in Colorado in an effort
to establish a centralized acquisition and processing
center.  The report of Phase I-II, completed
in June 1968, dealt primarily with a general feasibility
study, the design of the central system, costs
of acquiring and processing in nine libraries and a
number of related concerns such as accounting, the
congruence of approval plans and user attitudes toward
library services.
    This report focuses on the experimental operations
which were concluded officially on September 30,
1969.  Whereas the Phase I-II study dealt with the
theory and principles upon which a system might
be based, we are presently concerned with the
pragmatics of book processing, the obstacles 
encountered, and the solutions achieved.
    Although this report deals primarily with
cooperative acquisitions and processing, we believe
it also contributes to a better understanding of
cooperative programs.  The experiment was designed
to monitor operations throughout the acquisition/
cataloging cycle.  Performance and cost measurements
were made on most internal and external aspects
of the system.  Monitoring also extended into
the participating libraries where a product
acceptance study was conducted.  A secondary
objective of the project was to observe the 
relationships which formed between the participants
and the central agency, such as the interface of
systems and the human interaction of participants
and the Center.
.X
404	2	250
408	2	250
16	2	250
855	2	250
863	2	250
864	2	250
872	2	250
897	2	250
938	2	250
974	2	250
981	2	250
984	2	250
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214	2	250
218	2	250
235	2	250
249	2	250
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295	2	250
1012	2	250
1152	2	250
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1247	2	250
1257	2	250
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1379	2	250
1390	2	250
1392	2	250
1410	2	250
340	2	250
348	2	250
365	2	250
375	2	250
394	2	250
.I 251
.T
Carl H. Milam and the American Library Association
.A
Sullivan, P.
.W
  Carl Hastings Milam spent the most productive years of his life in
the positions with which his name is most closely associated, those
of secretary and, later, executive secretary of the American
Library Association (ALA) from 1920 to 1948.  When he became
secretary, the association had already been in existence for forty-
four years.  What kind of association was it that claimed Milam's
allegiance? What experience had he had with ALA before becoming
its secretary?  The answers to these questions lead to better
understanding of Milam, the association, and their close relationship.
.X
251	2	251
251	2	251
251	2	251
251	2	251
251	2	251
1439	2	251
.I 252
.T
Chemical and Engineering News
.A
Tate, F.A.
.W
  Chemical Abstracts Service, along with the entire ACS publications
program, is converting to a computer base.  This change in our basic method
of handling information will provide powerful new tools for chemists and
chemical engineers to meet their information needs.
  Our goal is a unified system that will produce both a full, printed record
of chemical and chemical engineering knowledge and a variety of timely,
special-subject alerting services, simultaneously providing a mechanized
match and retrieval system that is sufficiently flexible to meet the varied
needs of information users.  The output will be supplied in whatever form
best suits the user's needs - printed pages, microfilm, or computer-searchable
tapes.  Tapes and search programs will be usable on the customer's computer,
or CAS will provide custom matches of its own computer files.
.X
480	2	252
565	2	252
641	2	252
671	2	252
673	2	252
674	2	252
676	2	252
680	2	252
683	2	252
689	2	252
687	2	252
34	2	252
711	2	252
714	2	252
715	2	252
746	2	252
53	2	252
165	2	252
252	2	252
252	2	252
252	2	252
252	2	252
252	2	252
252	2	252
254	2	252
1452	2	252
347	2	252
347	2	252
.I 253
.T
World's Chemical Literature Continues to Expand
.A
Baker, D.B.
.W
  Abstracts of scientific papers from
journals and other serial publications,
which now make up about 85% of
the abstracts in CA, increased at an
average annual rate of 8.4% between
1961 and 1970, compared with 8.2% in 
the previous decade.  The number of
such abstracts published annually
now is doubling every 9 years.  The
number of patent abstracts increased 
at an average rate of 5% per year in
the 1960's compared with 11.7% in the
1950's.  However, the total number of
patents covered by CA, either by
actual abstracts or through the CA
patent concordance, grew at an
average rate of 10.9% from 1961 
through 1970.
.X
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1016	2	253
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313	2	253
359	2	253
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.I 254
.T
Chemical Information Systems
.A
Hyde, E.
Ash, J.E.
.W
  The purpose of a chemical information system must not be restricted
to the storage and retrieval of facts.  It is equally important that the system
shall provide methods which enable a scientist to assemble and to correlate
the facts.  Chemical information systems are required primarily as a service
to research chemists to enable them to keep up to date with current
developments in their fields of interest, and the establishment of information
services has relieved the chemist of many of his problems of literature
searching and information storage and organization.
.X
568	2	254
568	2	254
641	2	254
641	2	254
668	2	254
668	2	254
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671	2	254
671	2	254
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673	2	254
677	2	254
678	2	254
679	2	254
682	2	254
683	2	254
689	2	254
689	2	254
687	2	254
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690	2	254
693	2	254
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704	2	254
706	2	254
707	2	254
714	2	254
730	2	254
730	2	254
738	2	254
833	2	254
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116	2	254
117	2	254
165	2	254
252	2	254
254	2	254
254	2	254
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254	2	254
254	2	254
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1092	2	254
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1292	2	254
1452	2	254
1452	2	254
327	2	254
327	2	254
327	2	254
347	2	254
.I 255
.T
What do Chemists Read?
.A
Panton, D.
Reuben, B.G.
.W
  Most British universities are spending at least 3000 pounds per year
on chemical journals alone.  And this does not include any administration
or binding costs which may be as much again.  Are the universities getting
their money's worth out of these journals?  This survey of one particular
chemistry department suggests that they are not.
.X
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1302	2	255
1302	2	255
359	2	255
.I 256
.T
The Civic Culture
.A
Almond, G.A.
.W
  We are concerned in this book with a number of classic themes
of political science: with what the Greeks called civic virtue and its
consequences for the effectiveness and stability of the democratic
polity; and with the kind of community life, social organization, and
upbringing of children that fosters civic virtue.  In using survey
research to study these classic themes, we are also following the
traditional practice of relying on the most precise methods available to
us for the investigation of these problems.  Perhaps Tocqueville and
Bryce, were they living today, would have relied somewhat on
the cross-section survey in their comparative studies of democratic
attitudes.
.X
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256	2	256
256	2	256
256	2	256
256	2	256
.I 257
.T
Classification for a General Index Language
.A
Foskett, D.J.
.W
  The role of classification schemes in libraries and information services
has probably caused more argument than any other professional activity.
This would be surprising if classification were no more than a fairly
convenient way of arranging books on shelves.  Some librarians think it is,
and support their view by heaping scorn on the heads of those who, like the
Classification Research Group, actually spend years of their time in
theoretical discussions that seem to result in more and more abstruse and
difficult complications to what ought to be a straightforward exercise.
Yet today we can see clearly two relatively new spectacles on the library
scene: on the one hand, some librarians are criticizing the Decimal
Classification (especially as used in the British National Bibliography)
for being too detailed and unwieldy; on the other hand, some librarians,
and still more information officers, are busy revising the Universal
Decimal Classification in order to make it more detailed.  In the next
field, as it were, computerized indexing and retrieval systems are pounding
away at the ever-growing masses of literature, producing results that
impress computer specialists but not information users, who are so 
deafened by the noise that they cannot hear what is new.
.X
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489	2	257
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655	2	257
688	2	257
715	2	257
796	2	257
797	2	257
797	2	257
798	2	257
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801	2	257
802	2	257
838	2	257
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159	2	257
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257	2	257
257	2	257
257	2	257
257	2	257
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260	2	257
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1231	2	257
1255	2	257
1265	2	257
1393	2	257
1394	2	257
1394	2	257
1405	2	257
1429	2	257
1430	2	257
1448	2	257
.I 258
.T
Classification and Indexing in Science
.A
Vickery, B.C.
.B
1959
.W
  The first problem, that of learning of a publication's existence, is
tackled by a multiplicity of abstracting and indexing journals and
other bibliographies, and, at local levels, by library catalogues and
unnecessary overlapping among these services, while ensuring
adequately comprehensive coverage, are very great.  But even if
these were overcome, problems of the internal arrangement of these
bibliographical aids would still remain.  It is not enough for them
collectively to record every scientific publication.  The user must be
able to find every such record, starting only with a subject on which
he wants information.
.X
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480	2	258
516	2	258
558	2	258
746	2	258
758	2	258
761	2	258
817	2	258
825	2	258
149	2	258
160	2	258
168	2	258
258	2	258
258	2	258
258	2	258
258	2	258
258	2	258
263	2	258
1066	2	258
1215	2	258
1230	2	258
1231	2	258
1259	2	258
1309	2	258
1391	2	258
1391	2	258
1405	2	258
1414	2	258
388	2	258
388	2	258
.I 259
.T
Classification and Indexing in Science
.A
Vickery, B.C.
.B
1975
.W
  The preface to the first edition of this book - which is reproduced
following this - shows that in 1958 the classification ideas in it
were felt to be controversial, needing to be championed.  A few
years before, the Classification Research Group had issued a
memorandum proclaiming 'the need for a faceted classification
as the basis of all methods of information retrieval.'  As part-author
of this memorandum, I must now judge the claim to have been
too bold, even brash.  But it has been vindicated to an extent,
for both in theory and practice the value of facet analysis, in
the organization of subject vocabularies for indexing and search,
has been widely accepted - whether these vocabularies are classified
or alphabetical, and whether used in pre- or post-coordinate fashion.  
.X
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449	2	259
476	2	259
477	2	259
542	2	259
758	2	259
874	2	259
259	2	259
259	2	259
259	2	259
259	2	259
259	2	259
259	2	259
1215	2	259
1231	2	259
1255	2	259
1259	2	259
1265	2	259
1391	2	259
1448	2	259
.I 260
.T
Classification Practice in Britain.  Report on a survey of classification
opinion and practice in Great Britain, with particular reference to the Dewey
Decimal Classification
.A
Davison, K.
.W
  The objectives of the Sub-Committee in starting their enquiries were
basically three-fold
     1) To gather a reasonable collection of statistics relating to the general
        practice of classification in this country.
     2) To gather information on th actual use of the Dewey Decimal
        Classification in this country.
     3) To provide a basis for the recommendations which are provided
        periodically for the Dewey Editorial Policy Committee from the
        Library Association Library Research Committee's Sub-Committee on
        Dewey Decimal Classification Revision.
To this end a questionnaire was sent out to over 1100 libraries of all types
throughout the country and after six months reminders sent to librarians
to ensure they had received them and that none had been overlooked.  The
result of this was very pleasing; 716 were returned, the vast majority 
completed correctly.  The actual figures of type and size of library are
given in the body of the report but no type of library is completely omitted
and a significant proportion of the larger libraries returned the 
questionnaire.
.X
476	2	260
797	2	260
801	2	260
154	2	260
159	2	260
989	2	260
257	2	260
260	2	260
260	2	260
260	2	260
260	2	260
260	2	260
260	2	260
1066	2	260
1231	2	260
1255	2	260
1268	2	260
1394	2	260
1429	2	260
1430	2	260
.I 261
.T
Classification Scheme for Law Books
.A
Moys, E.M.
.W
  An examination made over a period of years of the principles of
classifying law books for use in libraries, and of their treatment in
many general and specialized classification schemes convinced me that
no scheme existed which was generally suitable for libraries in English-
speaking countries outside the United States.  Law collections in
academic libraries in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth were
in a particularly difficult position.  They had the choice of adopting one
of the good American schemes, which generally make inadequate
provision for the needs of overseas Commonwealth libraries; or of
adopting one of the English schemes, each of which is virtually tailored
to a particular library, and several of which are even less well suited
to overseas libraries; or of devising new schemes for themselves.  There
seemed to be an urgent need for a practical law classification scheme
capable of being used in a variety of libraries, large and small, general
and special, academic and professional, in these countries. 
.X
458	2	261
476	2	261
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566	2	261
608	2	261
610	2	261
617	2	261
620	2	261
680	2	261
29	2	261
704	2	261
781	2	261
68	2	261
69	2	261
90	2	261
815	2	261
175	2	261
938	2	261
939	2	261
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992	2	261
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1365	2	261
1390	2	261
334	2	261
346	2	261
354	2	261
354	2	261
382	2	261
.I 262
.T
Classification and Subject Index for a Library
.A
Dewey, M.
.W
  The plan of the following Classification and Index was developed early in
1873.  It was the result of several months' study of library economy as found
in some hundreds of books and pamphlets, and in over fifty personal visits to
various American libraries.  In this study, the author became convinced that
the usefulness of these libraries might be greatly increased without additional
expenditure.  Three years practical use of the system here explained, leads him
to believe that it will accomplish this result; for with its aid, the 
catalogues, shelf lists, indexes, and cross-references essential to this
increased usefulness, can be made more economically than by any other method
which he has been able to find.  The system was devised for cataloguing and
indexing purposes, but it was found on trial to be equally valuable for
numbering and arranging books and pamphlets on the shelves.
.X
1	2	262
7	2	262
950	2	262
978	2	262
240	2	262
262	2	262
262	2	262
262	2	262
262	2	262
262	2	262
262	2	262
1028	2	262
1068	2	262
1203	2	262
1211	2	262
1211	2	262
1212	2	262
1212	2	262
1266	2	262
1266	2	262
1424	2	262
1425	2	262
353	2	262
365	2	262
.I 263
.T
Classification Catalogue Code
.A
Ranganathan, S.R.
.W
  The Author, the Dictionary and the Classified catalogues
represent three successive stages in the order of evolution
of the internal form of the Library Catalogue.  The classified
form being the latest to evolve, the literature relating
to it is comparatively scanty.  It is strikingly so in the
form of a systematic code of rules for cataloguing.  While
the number of codes for the Author Catalogue is fairly
large and the number for the Dictionary Catalogue is also
respectable, there appear to be few systematic and complete
codes published in book-form for the Classified Catalogue.
Hence this little venture, which is based on twenty-five
years of experimentation and on the valuable reciprocal
influence gained by its being taught to students of library
science during the last twenty years.
  While the Call Numbers occurring in the examples given
are constructed by the Colon Classification, the rules of
this Code are not necessarily dependent on that scheme for
their applicability.  They are all of general application,
irrespective of the scheme of classification in use.
.X
434	2	263
477	2	263
516	2	263
258	2	263
263	2	263
263	2	263
263	2	263
263	2	263
263	2	263
1066	2	263
1231	2	263
1231	2	263
1259	2	263
1391	2	263
1413	2	263
1414	2	263
1448	2	263
388	2	263
.I 264
.T
Cleaning and Processing Bindings and Related Materials
.A
Horton, C.
.W
  The destructive effects of air pollution in the modern city upon
the health of its people, its trees, and its gardens, even its buildings
and statues, are well known and are being increasingly fought
against.  But the public, generally, and even many librarians
and book-collectors, who should know better, are apparently unaware
of the rapid deterioration of the world's libraries under these
conditions.  In libraries, museums, and private homes preventive care
is regularly given to pictures and sculpture, fine furniture, silver
and brass; but the gradually deteriorating volumes on the shelves are
given no more attention than an occasional dusting which abrades
the books more than it protects them.  I would judge that more than
90 percent of the books and documents that come to my bindery
for repair or restoration are in a condition that could have been
avoided by regular and appropriate preventive care.  Unfortunately,
even when the custodians of books become aware of the problem,
they my be handicapped by the relative unavailability of expert
advice on what procedures to follow in conserving their libraries.
The present essay is intended to meet this need.
.X
264	2	264
264	2	264
264	2	264
264	2	264
264	2	264
264	2	264
337	2	264
351	2	264
351	2	264
.I 265
.T
Code of Cataloging Rules
.A
Lubetzky, S.
.W
    The following rules represent a system designed to
produce an instrument essential to the operations and services
of a library -- its catalog.  To understand the rules and to
apply them properly, it is necessary to comprehend the 
objectives which the catalog is to serve, the method by which
these objectives are to be achieved, the basic aspects of the
problem of cataloging, and the general principles which underlie
the rules.
     Objectives.  The objectives which the catalog is to serve
are two:
     First, to facilitate the location of a particular 
publication, i.e. of a particular edition of a work, which
is in the library.
     Second, to relate and display together the editions which
a library has of a given work and the works which it has of a
given author.
.X
799	2	265
919	2	265
920	2	265
922	2	265
246	2	265
246	2	265
265	2	265
265	2	265
265	2	265
265	2	265
265	2	265
1042	2	265
1266	2	265
1445	2	265
331	2	265
.I 266
.T
Quantitative Criteria for Adequacy of Academic Library Collection
.A
Clapp, Verner W.
.A
Jordan, Robert T.
.W
   The authors challenge accepted doctrine which asserts that the adequacy of 
an academic library cannot be measured by the number of books which it 
contains.. Out of their feeling that the Standards for College Libraries and 
the Standards for Junior College Libraries are inadequate for estimating the 
size (in volumes) required for minimum adequacy by libraries of institutions of
higher education of widely differing characteristics, they developed new 
formulas for this purpose.. These formulas attempt to identify the principal
factors affecting academic needs for books and to ascribe suitable to each
factor.. The authors then illustrate the application of the formulas to 
specific institutions, and conclude that while the results are useful, further 
research in needed.. They end by suggesting specific topics for such research..
.X
408	2	266
550	2	266
14	2	266
31	2	266
46	2	266
153	2	266
170	2	266
170	2	266
925	2	266
964	2	266
964	2	266
976	2	266
206	2	266
206	2	266
207	2	266
207	2	266
208	2	266
208	2	266
223	2	266
245	2	266
266	2	266
266	2	266
266	2	266
266	2	266
266	2	266
266	2	266
266	2	266
266	2	266
266	2	266
266	2	266
266	2	266
266	2	266
266	2	266
266	2	266
266	2	266
271	2	266
271	2	266
275	2	266
277	2	266
277	2	266
282	2	266
282	2	266
288	2	266
290	2	266
1005	2	266
1019	2	266
1028	2	266
1086	2	266
1090	2	266
1400	2	266
1424	2	266
305	2	266
307	2	266
.I 267
.T
System Analysis in University Libraries
.A
Leimkuhler, Ferdinand F.
.W
   A comprehensive enginnering approach to the analysis and functional design 
of library systems is described in terms of fundamental space-time relationship 
which characterize university libraries.. Long-run trends in aquisitions and
circulation are related to the relative obsolescence of stored materials, and 
the uncertainty of short-run demand pattern is related to the need for excess
service capability.. The spatial dispertion of library resources among 
specialized information centers and central depositories is considered with
respect to availability, retrieval, duplication, and efficient storage..
.X
494	2	267
515	2	267
587	2	267
587	2	267
614	2	267
638	2	267
651	2	267
667	2	267
33	2	267
36	2	267
748	2	267
748	2	267
750	2	267
751	2	267
751	2	267
759	2	267
765	2	267
765	2	267
767	2	267
57	2	267
778	2	267
778	2	267
786	2	267
787	2	267
791	2	267
791	2	267
792	2	267
792	2	267
793	2	267
793	2	267
800	2	267
800	2	267
811	2	267
823	2	267
840	2	267
184	2	267
193	2	267
195	2	267
925	2	267
925	2	267
925	2	267
925	2	267
948	2	267
948	2	267
983	2	267
201	2	267
203	2	267
204	2	267
205	2	267
222	2	267
233	2	267
245	2	267
267	2	267
267	2	267
267	2	267
267	2	267
267	2	267
267	2	267
278	2	267
1019	2	267
1019	2	267
1081	2	267
1083	2	267
1085	2	267
1086	2	267
1082	2	267
1184	2	267
1201	2	267
1219	2	267
1278	2	267
1317	2	267
1324	2	267
1400	2	267
1401	2	267
1416	2	267
1416	2	267
1417	2	267
1417	2	267
1417	2	267
1418	2	267
359	2	267
395	2	267
.I 268
.T
Subject Specialists in a University Library
.A
Byrd, Cecyl K.
.W
   In an attempt to supply in other disciplines the bibliographical expertise
traditionally furnished by university library systems to departments with 
departmental libraries, Indiana University has over the past three years
established ten subject specialist positions in the social sciences, 
humanities, and area studies programs.. These librarians select materials, 
render reference service to faculty members and graduate students, give 
instruction in library use, and serve generally as the main channel of 
communication between the library and the academic departments to which they 
are allied..
.X
3	2	268
11	2	268
843	2	268
143	2	268
985	2	268
985	2	268
985	2	268
985	2	268
268	2	268
268	2	268
268	2	268
268	2	268
268	2	268
268	2	268
284	2	268
1020	2	268
1021	2	268
1021	2	268
1021	2	268
1021	2	268
1058	2	268
305	2	268
303	2	268
303	2	268
.I 269
.T
Sampling and Short-Period Usage in the Purdue Library
.A
Jain, A. K.
.W
   Several possible methods of sampling of social science monograph titles in 
the general library of Purdue University were considered, and a "good" method
was used to obtain estimates of their usage in the library and at home during 
the period July 1 - August 4, 1964.. The term relative usage was defined and 
used to study the effect of: (1) language, (2) country of publication, (3) 
year of publication, and (4) year of accession of a monograph title.. An 
attempt was made to fit a regression model for titles in English by quantifying
the last three independent variables with relative usage as the dependent 
variable.. Functions based on the above variables have been developed to 
identify monograph titles for storage..
   A questionnaire was employed to stady the usage of library facilities and to 
gather opinions of library patrons.. Purpose of visiting the library, reason 
for checkout of library material, reason for preferring library or home for the 
use of library material, etc., were analyzed on the basis of the replies 
received..
.X
415	2	269
545	2	269
552	2	269
587	2	269
605	2	269
613	2	269
614	2	269
638	2	269
31	2	269
31	2	269
33	2	269
36	2	269
36	2	269
36	2	269
41	2	269
41	2	269
46	2	269
46	2	269
46	2	269
735	2	269
747	2	269
750	2	269
753	2	269
760	2	269
766	2	269
767	2	269
767	2	269
767	2	269
774	2	269
775	2	269
778	2	269
782	2	269
784	2	269
788	2	269
789	2	269
793	2	269
89	2	269
97	2	269
800	2	269
808	2	269
891	2	269
102	2	269
111	2	269
112	2	269
163	2	269
181	2	269
182	2	269
183	2	269
183	2	269
183	2	269
184	2	269
184	2	269
193	2	269
193	2	269
193	2	269
195	2	269
198	2	269
199	2	269
905	2	269
905	2	269
925	2	269
952	2	269
953	2	269
953	2	269
964	2	269
968	2	269
977	2	269
977	2	269
983	2	269
201	2	269
201	2	269
203	2	269
210	2	269
225	2	269
269	2	269
269	2	269
269	2	269
269	2	269
269	2	269
280	2	269
1009	2	269
1016	2	269
1018	2	269
1019	2	269
1019	2	269
1023	2	269
1030	2	269
1055	2	269
1087	2	269
1090	2	269
1135	2	269
1203	2	269
1240	2	269
1260	2	269
1275	2	269
1276	2	269
1278	2	269
1280	2	269
1285	2	269
1286	2	269
1287	2	269
1302	2	269
1335	2	269
1352	2	269
1359	2	269
1390	2	269
1397	2	269
1397	2	269
1416	2	269
1416	2	269
1417	2	269
1417	2	269
1417	2	269
1428	2	269
1432	2	269
1451	2	269
373	2	269
395	2	269
.I 270
.T
Conflict in Libraries
.A
Bundy, Mary Lee
.W
   Intergroup conflict in libraries is explored, including conflict between
departments, between professionals and bureaucracy, and between older and newer
staff members.. Other special interests such as informal power-holders and the
subprofessional are identified.. This analysis shows that existing 
organizational relationships in libraries let "means" become "ends".. Strong
forces toward conformity hamper desirable growth and change.. A restructuring
of libraries is proposed along the lines of professional rather than 
semiprofessional organizations.. Principal changes to be made are in existing
processing-service relationships and administrative-professional 
relationships..
.X
418	2	270
925	2	270
206	2	270
207	2	270
208	2	270
270	2	270
270	2	270
270	2	270
270	2	270
270	2	270
270	2	270
272	2	270
285	2	270
285	2	270
1015	2	270
1065	2	270
1150	2	270
1205	2	270
1205	2	270
1317	2	270
1357	2	270
1407	2	270
1454	2	270
301	2	270
.I 271
.T
Determining and Allocating Book Funds for Current Domestic Buying
.A
McGrath, William E.
.W
   A device is outlined to help formulate the annual book budget request..
Courses described in the college catalog are matched with the books listed in 
the American Book Publishing Record, BPR, Cumulative 1965.. Courses, treated
as if monographes, are designed Dewey classification numbers and arranged in 
decimal sequence by groups.. Books in BPR falling into the groups are tallied;
the DC groups are then rearranged by departments and the number and cost of 
books in each are totaled.. Results are sound estimates of each department's
probable current domestic book needs for that year and may be applied to the 
subsequent year as an estimate of what will probably be needed.. They may be 
used as factors in an allocation formula..
.X
550	2	271
591	2	271
14	2	271
153	2	271
170	2	271
981	2	271
223	2	271
249	2	271
266	2	271
266	2	271
271	2	271
271	2	271
271	2	271
271	2	271
271	2	271
271	2	271
275	2	271
275	2	271
277	2	271
282	2	271
1019	2	271
1028	2	271
1086	2	271
1090	2	271
1424	2	271
305	2	271
305	2	271
307	2	271
.I 272
.T
Professionalism Reconsidered
.A
Bundy, Mary Lee
.A
Wasserman, Paul
.W
   The question of librarianship as a profession is considered here in terms of 
the three key relationships of a professional-client, organizational and 
professional.. Professional practice in this field is thus cast against 
accepted norms and standards of professional behavior.. This critical 
assessment suggests that librarianship falls far short of the professional 
model.. Major shifts in the nature of the services performed by librarians
and in their bureaucratic relationships will be required if librarianship is to
advance.. The contributions of the professional associations and of library
schools to the advancement of the process of professionalization is also 
analyzed.. Progress in the field is viewed to be inextricably tied to the 
success or failure which librarianship achieves in its quest for true 
professional attainment.. 
.X
14	2	272
22	2	272
22	2	272
767	2	272
772	2	272
60	2	272
132	2	272
137	2	272
925	2	272
952	2	272
206	2	272
207	2	272
208	2	272
237	2	272
270	2	272
272	2	272
272	2	272
272	2	272
272	2	272
272	2	272
272	2	272
272	2	272
272	2	272
272	2	272
272	2	272
272	2	272
272	2	272
272	2	272
272	2	272
298	2	272
1006	2	272
1030	2	272
1150	2	272
1186	2	272
1205	2	272
1205	2	272
1275	2	272
1280	2	272
1317	2	272
1407	2	272
371	2	272
.I 273
.T
The Bottomless Pit, or the Academic Library as Viewed from the 
 Administration Building
.A
Munn, Robert F.
.W
   Library administrators could adjudge their likely fortunes in the academic 
tug-of war for funds if they understood more clearly the attitudes of 
institutional administrators toward libraries.. Some view the library as "a
bottomless pit"; all recognize that the library is unlikely to generate much
political pressure for its own aggrandizement.. Many young institutional
administrators are coming to apply more sophisticated measures to their funding 
formulas than have been utilized in the past..Librarians therefore would be 
well advised to become more proficient in modern management techniques and 
program budgeting concepts..
.X
408	2	273
490	2	273
496	2	273
591	2	273
592	2	273
723	2	273
724	2	273
74	2	273
83	2	273
834	2	273
860	2	273
175	2	273
925	2	273
925	2	273
957	2	273
976	2	273
245	2	273
273	2	273
273	2	273
273	2	273
273	2	273
273	2	273
279	2	273
288	2	273
1080	2	273
1144	2	273
1148	2	273
1227	2	273
1240	2	273
1317	2	273
1353	2	273
1359	2	273
1360	2	273
1400	2	273
1410	2	273
1424	2	273
331	2	273
331	2	273
336	2	273
369	2	273
381	2	273
.I 274
.T
Question-Negotiation and Information Seeking in Libraries
.A
Taylor, Robert S.
.W
   Seekers of information in libraries either go through a librarian 
intermediary or they help themselves.. When they go through librarians they 
must develop their questions through four levels of need, referred to here as 
the visceral, conscious, formalized, and compromised needs.. In this pre-search
interview with an information-seeker the reference librarian attempts to help
him arrive at an understanding od his "compromised" need by determining: (1) 
the subject of his interest; (2) his motivation; (3) his personal 
characteristics; (4) the relationship of the inquiry to file organization; 
and (5) anticipated answers.. The author contends that research is needed into
the techniques of conducting this negotiation between the user and the 
reference librarian..
.X
401	2	274
417	2	274
445	2	274
446	2	274
449	2	274
451	2	274
457	2	274
458	2	274
458	2	274
459	2	274
467	2	274
485	2	274
526	2	274
546	2	274
572	2	274
577	2	274
577	2	274
579	2	274
579	2	274
604	2	274
606	2	274
615	2	274
625	2	274
625	2	274
626	2	274
634	2	274
640	2	274
643	2	274
644	2	274
649	2	274
652	2	274
655	2	274
660	2	274
29	2	274
752	2	274
754	2	274
754	2	274
58	2	274
58	2	274
59	2	274
57	2	274
780	2	274
783	2	274
785	2	274
61	2	274
66	2	274
73	2	274
812	2	274
814	2	274
826	2	274
829	2	274
830	2	274
895	2	274
132	2	274
164	2	274
172	2	274
175	2	274
191	2	274
194	2	274
902	2	274
927	2	274
967	2	274
212	2	274
274	2	274
274	2	274
274	2	274
274	2	274
274	2	274
274	2	274
274	2	274
274	2	274
274	2	274
274	2	274
274	2	274
274	2	274
274	2	274
274	2	274
274	2	274
274	2	274
274	2	274
274	2	274
276	2	274
1008	2	274
1017	2	274
1017	2	274
1033	2	274
1035	2	274
1049	2	274
1084	2	274
1084	2	274
1094	2	274
1263	2	274
1263	2	274
1279	2	274
1282	2	274
1298	2	274
1333	2	274
1357	2	274
1357	2	274
1387	2	274
1423	2	274
1445	2	274
320	2	274
370	2	274
390	2	274
.I 275
.T
Measuring Classified Circulation According to Curriculum
.A
McGrath, Wiiliam E.
.W
   Circulation statistics can be precise reflections of library use according 
to the curriculum.. The statistics can help the librarian decide how to 
allocate the budget to departments.. Traditional counts, by department 
personnel or by broad Dewey or LC classes, are imprecise.. An analogy between
curriculum and circulation can be constructed by classifying courses in the
college catalog (by DC or LC), rearranging the numbers thus generated by 
department, and then counting circulation within those groups.. The analogy is
thus a quantitative measure and a precise reflection of library use according
to curriculum..
.X
975	2	275
266	2	275
271	2	275
271	2	275
275	2	275
275	2	275
275	2	275
275	2	275
275	2	275
277	2	275
277	2	275
282	2	275
282	2	275
305	2	275
305	2	275
307	2	275
.I 276
.T
The Title Catalog: A Third Dimension
.A
Nitecki, Joseph Z.
.W
   The accessibility of the card catalog seems to be inversely proportional to
the complexity of its arrangement.. A catalog divided into author-title and
subject sequence simplifies the filing order of cards and facilitates the use 
of each catalog.. It is argued here that a three-way division into author, 
title, and subject catalogs will further augment these advantages.. In this 
paper a separation of the title catalog at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
library is described and evaluated..
.X
655	2	276
655	2	276
783	2	276
783	2	276
132	2	276
928	2	276
963	2	276
973	2	276
973	2	276
209	2	276
209	2	276
274	2	276
276	2	276
276	2	276
276	2	276
276	2	276
276	2	276
276	2	276
1445	2	276
326	2	276
.I 277
.T
An Allocation Formula Derived from a Factor Analysis of Academic Department
.A
McGrath, William E.
.A
Huntsinger, Ralph C.
.A
Barber, Gary R.
.W
   The authors derive a book fund distribution formula from a factor analysis 
of twenty-two variables which measure and quantify academic departments.. The
analysis generates a 22 x 22 matrix of correlations.. A few of the significant
correlations are discussed; e.g. those between books published and books 
circulated (high correlation) and circulation-by-subject and 
circulation-by-person (low correlation).. The factor analysis sorts out the 
complex relationships between the twenty-two variables and reduces them to 
three main factors - two of which seem to describe materials used and users.. 
The third may describe needs.. The three factors are the chief elements in the 
formula.. Each factor can be represented by any one or more of the variables 
in that factor..
.X
408	2	277
486	2	277
591	2	277
720	2	277
748	2	277
785	2	277
786	2	277
787	2	277
788	2	277
789	2	277
791	2	277
71	2	277
72	2	277
74	2	277
75	2	277
77	2	277
78	2	277
79	2	277
73	2	277
81	2	277
82	2	277
83	2	277
86	2	277
153	2	277
156	2	277
925	2	277
925	2	277
943	2	277
964	2	277
975	2	277
976	2	277
984	2	277
206	2	277
207	2	277
208	2	277
211	2	277
212	2	277
245	2	277
245	2	277
266	2	277
266	2	277
271	2	277
275	2	277
275	2	277
277	2	277
277	2	277
277	2	277
277	2	277
277	2	277
277	2	277
277	2	277
279	2	277
280	2	277
282	2	277
282	2	277
282	2	277
282	2	277
290	2	277
1005	2	277
1400	2	277
305	2	277
305	2	277
.I 278
.T
Random Sampling: a Tool for Library Research
.A
Drott, M. Carl
.W
   Questions about the accuracy of library records, the behavior or attitudes
of patrons, or the conditions of the books in the collection can often be 
answered by a random sampling study.. Use of this time and money saving 
technique requires no special mathematical ability or statistical background..
The concept of accuracy is discussed and a table is provided to simplify the
determination of an appropriate sample size.. A method of selecting a sample 
using random numbers is shown.. Three examples illustrate the application of 
the technique to library problems..
.X
658	2	278
24	2	278
46	2	278
716	2	278
748	2	278
768	2	278
782	2	278
788	2	278
789	2	278
62	2	278
65	2	278
66	2	278
75	2	278
76	2	278
837	2	278
137	2	278
925	2	278
925	2	278
210	2	278
245	2	278
267	2	278
278	2	278
278	2	278
278	2	278
278	2	278
278	2	278
278	2	278
279	2	278
280	2	278
282	2	278
1083	2	278
1184	2	278
1263	2	278
1317	2	278
1361	2	278
1400	2	278
1404	2	278
300	2	278
386	2	278
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.I 279
.T
Program Budgeting and Cost Benefit Analysis in Library
.A
Keller, John E.
.W
   Libraries in academic institutions have traditionally prepared annual
budgets based either upon subjective judgments or upon oversimplified 
formulas.. Two budgeting techniques recently introduced into universities from 
the defense establishment are program budgeting and benefit analysis.. Properly
applied they can be utilized to gain better decisions in problems facing 
academic library managers and improved allocation of library resources..
.X
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.I 280
.T
User Circulation Satisfaction vs. Size of Holdings at Three Academic 
Libraries
.A
Trueswell, Richard W.
.W
   In an effort to determine certain facts concerning the relation of 
circulation satisfaction to collection size, the author sampled the "last 
circulation date" of stack books and of circulated books in three considerably 
different kinds of academic libraries.. The experience of these three libraries 
proved to be surprisingly similar.. The author speculates concerning potential 
uses to which such data might be profitably applied..
.X
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.I 281
.T
The Economic Goal of Library Automation
.A
Kilgour, Frederick, G.
.W
   A steadily increasing rate of productivity should be the economic goal of 
library automation.. Such productivity will be achieved only by development of
a new library technology.. Thereby, rise in library costs, which are going up
exponentially at a frightening rate, will be brought into line with cost rises 
in the economy as a whole..
.X
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.I 282
.T
Classifying Courses in the University Catalog
.A
McGrath, William E.
.A
Durand, Norma
.W
   The authors contrast the university catalog and the card catalog and conclude
that the university catalog is the best guide to the university's current 
scholarly interest.. They urge that librarians study and classify courses 
therein, such as books, using the Library of Congress or Dewey Decimal schemes
so that specific class number are grouped by academic department and become
substantial spans.. The profile can be used as a selection tool, as a 
correlating tool between curriculum, circulation and publishing, and as a 
device to aid weeding and shelving.. General and specific quidelines for 
classifying, including a method for resolving apparent duplication of courses 
in different departments are presented.. Time and unit figures are tabulated..
Specific steps in classification and editing are described..
.X
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266	2	282
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.I 283
.T
Academic Status for College and University Librarians -  Problems and Prospects
.A
Smith, Eldred
.W
   Academic librarians will archive and deserve full academic status only after 
they cause changes in the bureaucratic structure of libraries and in library 
education, and when they provide professional service on a scholarly level..
.X
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.I 284
.T
Automation Stops Here: A Case for Man-Made Book Collections
.A
Rouse, Roscoe
.W
   The following paper was read at the Second International Seminar on Approval
and Gathering Plans for Large and Medium-Size Academic Libraries, Kalamazoo,
Michigan, October 31, 1969.. We print it here because its dissenting viewpoint 
is a timely as it is provocative..  
.X
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.I 285
.T
Modernizing the University Library Structure
.A
Kaser, D.
.W
  Among the several kinds of change that appear to be in order in personnel
management in university libraries, some have been described, others have
not.  There has perhaps been a super-abundance of attention devoted, for
example, to the inadequate treatment of librarians within the university 
community as a whole, but little discussion has thus far appeared in print 
concerning their treatment within the library itself. This paper will attempt 
to define certain progressive changes that it is possible and probably 
desirable for the library to implement internally regardless of the university's
willingness to consider improving the librarian's lot in the larger community.
.X
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.I 286
.T
User's Reaction to Microfiche A Preliminary Study
.A
Lewis, Ralph W.
.W
   Recent emphasis placed on the use of microfiche  by large government agencies
has increased the pressure in libraries supporting government research to make
greater use of microfiche.. Negative and apathetic user attitudes, expressed by
researchers, indicate that expanded efforts to overcome resistance if the great 
potential of microfiche is to be realized.. Efforts in microphotography, 
expended on technical achievement in the past, should be directed toward
understanding the user and his needs to discover why he avoids microforms and
how to overcome his resistance to them..
.X
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.I 287
.T
Major Decision Points in Labrary Automation
.A
Veaner, Allen B.
.W
   This article is based on a longer, more detailed paper prepared for the 1970 
Midwinter Meeting of the Association of Research Libraries.. Readers interested 
in the  complete test (with bibliography) are referred to the Minutes of the ARL
meeting.. The author discusses automation in the context of the management, 
facilities, and system requirements for large research libraries..
.X
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.I 288
.T
An Approach to Performance Budgeting at the Florida Atlantic 
 University Library
.A
Axford, H. William
.W
   The article summarizes the problems encountered at the FAU library in the 
1967 and the library's subsequent reorganization.. A detailed cost study is
analyzed and the Clapp-Jordan and University of Washington formulae for 
budgeting are described, as well as a modified formula.. The resulting program 
performance budgeting system is now in use by the state university of Florida..
.X
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.I 289
.T
The Great Gas Bubble Prick't; or, Computers Revealed - by a Gentleman of Quality
.A
Mason, Ellsworth
.W
   In which are Exposed the delicious Delusions of those will-o-the-wisps;
the Echoes is computerization of Phrenology, Haruspication, and other 
discredited Ancient sciences; and the moral and Mental decline of our 
Profession..
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.I 290
.T
Correlation the Subjects of Books Taken Out Of and Books Used Within an 
Open-Stack Library
.A
McGrath, William E.
.W
   The traditional over-the-counter circulation count is not always considered 
a reliable indicator of total library use.. To test this assumption the author
hypothesized that no correlation exists between the subjects of books taken out
of the library and those used within the library.. Counts were made of books 
left on tables, chairs, desks, and other surfaces and correlated to books 
charged out.. Two studies were made.. In the first, books were counted within 
finely delineated LC and Dewey class spans relating to academic departments..
In the second, books were counted within the broad LC first and second letters 
and the Dewey tens.. In the first case, the overall correlation was .86; in the
second, with less data, .84.. The author concludes that out-of-library 
circulation totals can be reliable indicators of in-library use.. For predicting
in-library use (and thus total use) two methods are cited-simple ratio of out 
to in, and the regression equation..
.X
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.I 291
.T
A Generalized Methodology for Library Systems Analysis
.A
Burns, R.W.
.W
  This article is directed toward the service in systems work.  Its purpose is 
to generalize at a very elementary level a methodology or approach which can be
used in conducting a systems study. Systems work is discussed here as a point
of view; a logical, coherent, from the top down, preface to decision-making
and resource allocation which utilizes a very powerful body of sophisticated
techniques.  The approach and techniques reviewed in this paper, however,
will be those on the most elementary  level.  No attempt will be made to
discuss the techniques of queueing, inventory management, linear programming,
simulation, marginal analysis, game theory, statistical inference, or any of
the other highly sophisticated techniques available to the operations 
research systems analysis (OR/SA) analyst. When the systems approach is clearly
understood and properly used, it becomes a potent weapon in the arsenal
of the administrator.  Rather than a review of the tools themselves, a
delineation of this systems methodology and point of view will be considered in 
this article.  The methodology discussed here embraces a number of standard 
techniques used by the systems engineer, time and motion analyst, operations 
researcher, and occasionally, even the librarian.
.X
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.I 292
.T
Cost Accounting and Analysis for University Libraries
.A
Leimkuhler, Ferdinand F.
Cooper, Michael D.
.W
   The approach to library planning studies in this paper is the use of 
accounting models to measure library costs and implement program budgets.. A 
cost-flow model for a university library is developed and tested with 
historical data from the General Library at the University of California,
Berkeley.. Various comparisons of an exploratory nature are made of the unit 
costs and total costs for different parts of the Berkeley system..
.X
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.I 293
.T
Change in Academic Libraries
.A
Haro, Robert P.
.W
Never noted for their willingness to accept innovative suggestions and 
implement change from outside sources, academic libraries have remained 
institutions in which changes in service policies and programs originated from 
internal sources only.. In order to shift to an orientation that seeks to 
develop new and expanding service programs, the establishment to research 
groups could do much to improve both the services offered by a library and its
role in the academic community.. While certain constraints always limit 
modification or the initiation of services, a properly constituted research 
group could do much to generate a climate for change, provide feedback to the 
library, and successfully continue to develop new and more effective library 
and information services..
.X
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.I 294
.T
Key Factors of Circulation System Analysis and Design
.A
McGee, Rob
.W
   Librarians must frequently judge circulation systems on the basis of widely 
disparate descriptions that make comparisons difficult.. A way is needed to 
place  various systems into a common perspective framework, so that their 
similarities and differences can be readily understood.. This paper explains 
basic (and largely familiar) concepts and components that are common to manual,
machine-aided, and computer-based systems, and documents their significance as 
key factors in the analysis and design of academic library circulation systems..
Cost factors are not discussed..
.X
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.I 295
.T
An Approach to the Measurement of Use and Cost of a Large Academic Research
Library System: A Report of a Study Done at Columbia University Libraries
.A
Mount, Ellis
Fasana, Paul
.W
   A description of the methodology used in collecting performance data in a
large academic research library is given.. Twelve types of surveys used to 
measure and evaluate users, services, and materials were developed and 
conducted during the period 1968/69 at Columbia University libraries and later
evaluated.. Sample results are included.. Costs of providing research services
were found to be 64 percent versus 36 percent for instructional services..
.X
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.I 296
.T
Participative Management in Relation to Library Effectiveness
.A
Lynch, Beverly
.W
   This paper reviews a recent study on the influence of participative 
management on library performance.. Because most of the recent theoretical and 
empirical research being done in this area is ignored and an invalid measure of
participation in decision making is used, the study provides no basis for the
generalization that in increase in the library staff's participation in 
decision making will increase the library's effectiveness..
.X
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358	2	296
364	2	296
.I 297
.T
The Evaluation of Campus Library Document Delivery Service
.A
Dougherty, Richard M.
.W
   A campus delivery service is one way to increase accessibility of library 
materials.. This report provides an overview of such a service, evaluates its
performance, notes the economic implications, and concludes that the service
can solve some of the problems of decentralized collections..
.X
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535	2	297
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634	2	297
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300	2	297
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.I 298
.T
The Changing Role of Directors of University Libraries
.A
McAnally, Arthur M.
Downs, Robert B.
.W
   The role of the university library director has changed markedly in the last 
decade.. The position of library director has become a difficult role to serve..
Directors has been subjected to pressures from different quarters.. Five sources
are identified by the authors, including pressures from the president's office,
library stuff, faculty, and students.. These difficulties coupled with a 
declining ability to meet user needs, the lack of cohesive library planning, 
and an institutional inability to accommodate change have all contributed to the
declining status of the library director.. Recommendations as to ways to 
ameliorate the problem are offered.. Among the suggestions included are better
planning, improved budgeting techniques, and the introduction of new 
organizational patterns..
.X
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.I 299
.T
An Approach to Developing Computer Catalogs
.A
MacDonald, Robin W.
Elrod, J. Mcree
.W
   A method of developing computer catalogs is proposed which does not require
unit card conversion but rather the accumulation of data from operating 
programs..  It is proposed that the bibliographic and finding functions of the
catalog be separated, with the latter being the first automated.. Such 
automation is seen as being advantageous on a cost basis..
.X
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.I 300
.T
Faculty Awareness and Attitudes Toward Academic Library Reference Services:
A Measure of Communication
.A
Nelson, Jerold
.W
   A survey of the faculties at six colleges was undertaken to measure the 
degree to which the libraries of those institutions were communicating with the
faculty concerning the availability of various references services.. The results
demonstrated that the average faculty member was aware of barely half the 
services actually available.. Variables of academic rank, length of teaching, 
and amount of library and reference use were some of the factors shown to 
affect faculty awareness of library service..
.X
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791	2	300
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816	2	300
818	2	300
818	2	300
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994	2	300
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.I 301
.T
Staff Participation in Management In Large University Libraries
.A
Flener, Jane G.
.W
   A CLR Fellowship in 1971-72 enabled the author to examine staff participation
in the management of large academic libraries.. The report considers the climate
of participation, preparation given the staff, areas of decision making, the 
role of the professional staff association, and the reaction of staff to such 
participation..
.X
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.I 302
.T
Applying "Management by Objectives" To the University Library
.A
Johnson, Edward R.
.W
   Many methods of library management are no longer sufficient to meet the more
sophisticated demands of today.. A promising management technique for 
librarians is "managements by objectives", which helps to establish library 
goals, measure performance objectively, and to identify factors affecting an
operation's final results..
.X
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302	2	302
302	2	302
358	2	302
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.I 303
.T
Reference-Bibliographers in the College Library
.A
Gration, Selby U.
Young, Arthur P.
.W
   One approach to making college library more relevant, dynamic, and 
intelligible is to employ specialists with broad subject competence, throughly
familiar with the terminology, bibliographic tools, and major writings of 
several related disciplines.. These subject specialists or reference-
bibliographers provide reference and institutional services, and serve as 
coordinators between academic departments and the library.. A significant 
increase in the quality of library service is attained with reference-
bibliographers both building and interpreting the collection.. The reference-
bibliographer concept is examined from several perspectives: historical
antecedents; relationship to the academic setting; and the authors' experience
with a staff of subject specialists at a predominantly undergraduate college
library during 1969-1972..
.X
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303	2	303
303	2	303
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.I 304
.T
The Management Review and Analysis Program: An Assisted Self-Study to Secure
 Constructive Change in the Management of Research Libraries
.A
Webster, D. E.
.W
   The Management Review and Analysis Program (MRAP), designed, tested, and 
operated by the Association of Research Libraries' Office of University Library
Management Studies (OMS), is an assisted self-study strategy intended for use 
by large academic and research libraries.. The program assists libraries in 
reviewing and analyzing their current management policies and practices, and
provides guidelines for the application of contemporary principles of 
management for the improvement of library programs..
.X
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.I 305
.T
Allocating the Book Budget: A Model
.A
Kohut, Joseph J.
.W
   Inflation is currently affected library book budgets, particularly with 
respect to the acquisition of serials.. A model is proposed which would balance
the purchase of serials against the purchase of monographs by individual 
funding units within the academic library.. Special consideration is given to 
inflation as a cost factor affected by both the form of publication and the 
subject matter.. Applying the model to a specific example demonstrates its use 
in providing control over collection development and allowing for equitable 
distribution of book funds among funding units..
.X
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.I 306
.T
From Economic to Political Analysis of Library Decision Making
.A
Raffel, Jeffrey A.
.W
   In general, the more critical the decision, the less useful a cost-benefit
analysis is to library decision makers.. Political analysis is required, and 
Easton's conceptual framework is presented to suggest the utility of political 
analysis.. A list of normative issues is derived from raising descriptive
questions about the politics of university libraries..
.X
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.I 307
.T
Providing Access to Externally Available Bibliographic Data Bases 
 in an Academic Library
.A
Hock, Randilph E.
.W
   The ready availability of externally processed bibliographic data based has 
made it possible for an academic library to provide computerized searches on a
large number of data bases with a very small initial investment and utilizing 
its own personnel.. The experience of the University of Pennsylvania Libraries 
has confirmed that such an approach is indeed feasible. This article discusses 
the approach, questions and problems encountered, and the factors considered in
their resolution.. Also discussed are the role of the data services librarian, 
the cost incurred, and some observations as to the philosophy of the approach, 
with particular attention to the integration of the service into the reference 
department..
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.I 308
.T
The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology
.A
Gouldner, A.W.
.W
  The criticism and transformation of society can be divorced only
at our peril from the criticism and transformation of theories about
society.  Yet the gap between theory and practice, so common in the
history of American radical movements, is in some quarters growing
wider.  Some of the most militant of American radicals, in the
New Left or in the movement for Black liberation, have at least
temporarily avoided any serious concern with social theory.
  This neglect of theory doubtless has various origins.  In some
part it is due to the fact that these social movements are still new
and their political activism consumes their necessarily limited
energies and resources; the new radicalisms will, in short, need time
to produce their new theories.  Although the neglect of theory is
scarcely peculiar to Americans, it is in part also due to the fact
that American radicals are often more American than they know and
may prefer the tangible outcomes of pragmatic politics to the
intangible outputs of theory.  Again, part of their neglect of theoretical
problems is probably due to the close links that some young radicals
have with the "hippie" contingent of their generation, whose more
expressive and aesthetic styles of rejecting American culture
dispose them to avoid what they take to be the sterile "hassles" of
intellectual confrontation.  There is also a vocal minority who, as
has been said, feel personally excluded when they hear an appeal to
reason.
.X
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.I 309
.T
The SMART Automatic Document Retrieval System - An Illustration
.A
Salton, Gerard
Lesk, M.E.
.W
   A fully automatic document retrieval system operating on the IBM 7094 is 
described.. The system is characterized by the fact that several hundred
different  methods are available to analyze  documents and search requests..
This feature is used in the retrieval process by leaving the exact sequence of
operations initially unspecified, and adapting the search strategy to the needs
of individual users..
   The system is used not only to simulate an actual operating environment, but
also to test the effectiveness of the various available processing methods..
Results obtained so far seem to indicate that some combination of analysis 
procedures can in general be relied upon to retrieve the wanted information..
A typical search request is used as an example in the present  report to
illustrate systems operations  and evaluation procedures..
.X
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.I 310
.T
A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Banks
.A
Cod, E.F.
.W
  Future users of large data banks must be protected from having to know how 
the data is organized in the machine (the internal representation). A prompting
service which supplies such information is not a satisfactory solution.. 
Activities of users at terminals and most application programs should remain 
unaffected when the internal representation of data is changed
and even when some aspects of the external representation are changed.. Changes
in data representation will often be nedded as a result of changes in query, 
update, and report traffic and natural growth in the types of stored 
information.. 
  Existing noninferential, formated data systems provide users with tree-
structured files or slightly more general network models of the data.. In 
Section 1, inadequacies of these models are discussed.. A model based on n-ary
relations, a normal form for data base relations, and the concept of a universal
data sublanguage are introduced.. IN Section 2, certain operations (other than 
logical inference) are discussed and applied to the problems of redundancy and
consistency in the user's model..
.X
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.I 311
.T
Communication among Scientists and Engineers
.A
Lin, N.
Garvey, W.D.
Nelson, C.E.
.W
  Since 1966, the Johns Hopkins University Center for Research in Scientific
Communication has been conducting studies of the information flow process -
the production, dissemination, and assimilation of information - associated with
nine scientific and engineering disciplines.  This process in most disciplines
appears, from the dissemination point of view, to consume about five years -
from the time a scientist begins his research until reports of his findings are
cited in a review.  To date we have conducted over sixty studies of this process
and, since one of the main goals of our program is to make genuine comparisons
of the scientific communication associated with the disciplines being studied,
we have standardized the procedures, instruments, and analyses in those of the
major studies which were conducted for all disciplines.
  We will present findings from the major studies conducted to date in order
(1) to indicate the types of data we have collected on approximately 30,000
scientists and engineers during the past three years; (2) to indicate some of
the goals of our program; and (3) to suggest a preliminary picture of the
communication structure of science, as our program has led us to perceive it. 
.X
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.I 312
.T
Communication of Innovations:  A Cross-Cultural Approach
.A
Rogers, E.M.
Shoemaker, F.F.
.W
  In the present edition we have, to a far greater extent, integrated diffusion
research with the scientific study of human communication.  Diffusion
researchers have long been aware that they were investigating a special type
of communication behavior.  In this book we stress communication concepts
and frameworks in our analysis of the diffusion process.  We feel this provides
an advantage of conceptual clarity as well as ease of wide expression.  Our
adoption of the communication viewpoint is reflected in the addition of
several chapters, the complete reorganization of all chapters, and the frequent
inclusion of new concepts.
.X
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.I 313
.T
Communication among Scientists and Engineers
.A
Nelson, C. E.
.W
   In the course of collecting data on nine scientific and technological
disciplines, it has become obvious to us that in their communication 
activities, some disciplines behave quite differently from others.. Recently,
we have reanalyzed our data for the physical, the engineering, and the social
sciences.. We do not have time to discuss differences among all three groups,
so we have decided to compare only the physical and social sciences.. We have
included data pertaining to the engineering sciences on the graphs, however,
so you can get some idea of how they differ from the other two groups..
   Before discussing these differences, we should like to emphasize that there
are similarities, that there are of major importance, and that they, in fact,
make genuine comparisons among the groups feasible..
   We will discuss differences between the physical and the social sciences in
terms of three major communication characteristics associated with science..
.X
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.I 314
.T
Citation Measures of Hard Science, Soft Science, Technology and Nonscience
.A
de Solla Price, D.
.W
  Perhaps the fundamental problem of those that work in the scientific
information industry is that it is not just that special part of an information
industry that happens to deal with material having a scientific content.  
Technical librarianship involves much more than librarianship applied to 
books with an esoteric vocabulary and much mathematics.
  My reason for choosing this problem as a contribution for such a strategic
conference is that I know well as an historian of science that the greatest and
most useful advances in our technologies have not come from the applied
research of trained people trying to make themselves useful to society, but
rather from basic research aimed at furthering understanding and curiousity,
and powered by the latest instrumentation that the useful people have devised.
I suspect that all the new indexing tools and computer handlings will be more
useful to basic research in understanding scientists than they will to
solving practical problems for which they are designed.  It seems clear,
however, that it is only such new understanding that can bring success,
whatever solutions ultimately emerge.
.X
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.I 315
.T
Automatic Abstracting and Indexing - Survey and Recommendations
.A
Edmundson, H.P. 
.A
Wyllys, R.E.
.W
   In preparation for the widespread use of automatic scanner which will read 
documents and transmit their contents in automatic analysis: the relative-
frequency approach to measuring the significance of words, word groups, and 
sentences.. The relative-frequency approach is discussed in detail, as is its
application to problems of automatic indexing and automatic abstracting.. 
Included in the report is a summary of automatic analysis studies published as
of the date of writing.. Conclusions are drawn that point toward more 
sophisticated mathematical and linguistic techniques for the solution of 
problems of automatic analysis..
.X
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.I 316
.T
Scatter Storage Techniques
.A
Morris, Robert
.W
   Scatter storage techniques as a method for implementing the symbol tables of 
assemblers and compilers are reviewed  and a number of ways of using them more
effectively  are presented.. Many of most useful variants of the techniques are
documented..
.X
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.I 317
.T
Natural Language Question - Answering System: 1969
.A
Simmons, Robert F.
.W
   Recent experiments in programming natural language question-answering system
are reviewed to summarize the methods that have been developed for syntactic, 
semantic, and logical analysis of English strings.. It is concluded that at
least minimally effective  techniques have been devised for answering questions
from natural language subsets in small scale experimental systems and that a 
useful paradigm has evolved to guide research efforts in the field.. Current 
approaches to semantic analysis and logical inference are seen to be effective 
beginnings but of questionable generality with respect either to subtle aspects
of meaning or to applications over large subset of English.. Generalizing from
current small-scale experiments to language processing systems based on 
dictionaries with thousands of entries - with correspondingly large grammars 
and semantic systems - may entail a new order of complexity and require the 
invention and development of entirely different approaches to semantic analysis 
and question answering..
.X
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.I 318
.T
A Formal System for Information Retrieval from Files
.A
Hsiao, David
Harary, Frank
.W
   A generalized file structure is provided by which the concepts of keyword,
index, record, file, directory decoding, and record retrieval are defined and
from which some of the frequently used file structures such is inverted files,
index-sequential files, and multilists files are derived..
   Two algorithms which retrieve records from the generalized file structure 
are presented..
.X
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.I 319
.T
Inefficiency of the Use of Boolean Functions for Information Retrieval Systems
.A
Verhoeff, J.
Goffman, W.
Belzer, J.
.W
  In this note we attempt to point out why boolean functions
are, in general, not applicable in information retrieval
systems.
  First, we wish to stress that a system, which supposedly
is to serve a certain purpose, has to try to optimize some
overall performance rather than certain detailed parts of
it.  This situation is, of course, well known. 
  Saying that a system should cater to an optimal performance
implies that the reward varies with different circumstances.
That is, there may always be some customers who will not agree
that the system's output is satisfactory.  However, these
should be relatively few.  In the case of an information
retrieval system, let us consider one whose function is to
furnish a reference list as a reaction to a question.  
So, if we have a set of documents S and a set of questions
Q, the system has to assign to each question q, an answer A(q)
which is a subset of S.  Naturally, this answer cannot be
chosen arbitrarily; it should reflect a relation between
the question and the resulting reference list.  Usually
one says that the documents in the list are relevant to
the question.  More precisely stated, we assume that the
enquirer expects a certain reference list, namely the one
he would have procured had he himself probed the documents
in the set.
.X
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.I 320
.T
The Teachable Language Comprehender:
A Simulation Program and Theory of Language
.A
Quillian, M.R.
.W
  The Teachable Language Comprehender (TLC) is a program
designed to be capable of being taught to "comprehend"
English text.  When text which the program has not seen before
is input to it, it comprehends that text by correctly relating
each (explicit or implicit) assertion of the new text to a large
memory.  This memory is a "semantic network" representing
factual assertions about the world.
  The program also creates copies of the parts of its memory
which have been found to relate to the new text, adapting
and combining these copies to represent the meaning of the
new text.  By this means, the meaning of all text the program
successfully comprehends is encoded into the same format as
that of the memory.  In this form it can be added into the
memory.
  Both factual assertions for the memory and the capabilities
for correctly relating text to the memory's prior content are to
be taught to the program as they are needed.  TLC presently
contains a relatively small number of examples of such
assertions and capabilities, but within the system, notations for
expressing either of these are provided.  Thus the program
now corresponds to a general process for comprehending
language, and it provides a methodology for adding the
additional information this process requires to actually
comprehend text of any particular kind.
  The memory structure and comprehension process of TLC
allow new factual assertions and capabilities for relating
text to such stored assertions and capabilities for relating
text to such stored assertions to generalize automatically.
That is, once such an assertion or capability is put into the
system, it becomes available to help comprehend a great many
other sentences in the future.
.X
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.I 321
.T
An Information-Theoretic Approach to Text Searching
in Direct Access Systems
.A
Barton, I.J.
Creasey, S.E.
Lynch, M.F.
Snell, M.J.
.W
  Using direct access computer files of bibliographic
information, an attempt is made to overcome one of the
problems often associated with information retrieval,
namely, the maintenance and use of large dictionaries,
the greater part of which is used only infrequently.
A novel method is presented, which maps they hyperbolic
frequency distribution of text characteristics onto a
rectangular distribution.  This is more suited to 
implementation on storage devices.
  This method treats text as a string of characters
rather than words bounded by spaces, and chooses subsets
of strings such that their frequencies of occurrence are
more even than those of word types.  The members of this
subset are then used as index keys for retrieval.  The
rectangular distribution of key frequencies results in a much
simplified file organization and promises considerable
cost advantages.
.X
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.I 322
.T
The Community College Library
.A
Veit, F.
.W
  This study deals with the learning resources programs of the public
two-year colleges.  In former years, these institutions were commonly
called junior colleges, and the college departments or divisions that
assembled, organized, and interpreted the learning resources (mainly
books) were commonly called libraries.  In keeping with traditional
terminology I could have chosen "The Junior College Library" as the
title for the study; however, I decided to modify the title to make it
correspond more closely to prevailing current terminology.
.X
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.I 323
.T
Comparative and International Librarianship; essays on themes and problems
.A
Jackson, M.M.
.W
  In this decade, professionals in the field of librarianship and the
information sciences will continue to be faced with most of the
problems that have haunted libraries for generations, problems that
can be best summed up as the attempt to reduce the anonymity of
information.  There will also be many new problems.  Some of these
are already becoming apparent, while others are still unknown.  But
librarians need not despair; the past record is clear.  Through the use
of sophisticated electronic machines, we have begun to master the
bibliographical control and retrieval of information, we have
improved the communication between librarians and the consumers
of information on a national and international basis, and we have
refined the many problems concerned with cataloging and classifying
information.  In addition, library education has been on the front
line in trying to educate people to understand the complexities of
organizing and disseminating information of all types.
.X
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.I 324
.T
Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English
.A
Kucera, H.
.W
  Readers can expect to find many parts of this volume tantalizing.  The 
definiteness of the answers to certain questions irresistibly p